多因素下累积分红寿险合同的公允定价模型

累积分红寿险合同的价格受死亡、退保、最小保证利率、年度分红和终了分红政策等多种因素影响,与一般分红寿险合同相比,其最重要的特征是存在终了分红权,现有研究鲜有建立这些因素共同影响下的终了分红权定价模型,以确定累积分红寿险合同的公允价值。为此,文章把传统精算定价理论与金融未定权益估值理论相结合,分4个步骤建立了多因素下累积分红寿险合同的公允定价模型和终了分红权的定价模型,并分析了死亡率、最小保证利率、年度分红率、终了分红率和退保因素等对终了分红权的影响,给出了不同影响因素下累积分红寿险的年均衡保费。通过蒙特卡罗方法对定价模型进行了模拟计算,并与传统的定价模型进行对比,研究发现：终了分红权的价值要高于退保权,终了分红的存在抑制了退保;随着死亡率、最小保证利率、终了分红利率的上升,无风险利率、年度分红率、资产波动率的下降,终了分红的价值呈现增加的趋势。     

公共决策听证与政府规制失灵的防治

克服并尽可能消除政府规制的失灵 ,以保障市场经济的健康运行 ,是摆在市场经济国家面前的共同任务。本文的分析表明 ,建立和加强公共决策听证制度 ,对于防止和克服政府规制失灵有着极其重要的作用。     

Finely Resolved On‐Road PM2.5 and Estimated Premature Mortality in Central North Carolina

To quantify the on‐road PM_2.5‐related premature mortality at a national scale, previous approaches to estimate concentrations at a 12‐km × 12‐km or larger grid cell resolution may not fully characterize concentration hotspots that occur near roadways and thus the areas of highest risk. Spatially resolved concentration estimates from on‐road emissions to capture these hotspots may improve characterization of the associated risk, but are rarely used for estimating premature mortality. In this study, we compared the on‐road PM_2.5‐related premature mortality in central North Carolina with two different concentration estimation approaches—(i) using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to model concentration at a coarser resolution of a 36‐km × 36‐km grid resolution, and (ii) using a hybrid of a Gaussian dispersion model, CMAQ, and a space–time interpolation technique to provide annual average PM_2.5 concentrations at a Census‐block level (～105,000 Census blocks). The hybrid modeling approach estimated 24% more on‐road PM_2.5‐related premature mortality than CMAQ. The major difference is from the primary on‐road PM_2.5 where the hybrid approach estimated 2.5 times more primary on‐road PM_2.5‐related premature mortality than CMAQ due to predicted exposure hotspots near roadways that coincide with high population areas. The results show that 72% of primary on‐road PM_2.5 premature mortality occurs within 1,000 m from roadways where 50% of the total population resides, highlighting the importance to characterize near‐road primary PM_2.5 and suggesting that previous studies may have underestimated premature mortality due to PM_2.5 from traffic‐related emissions.     

美国母婴幼入户指导项目循证管理:路径、特点与经验

循证管理强调以证据为导向评价项目效果,将循证理念应用于管理过程,它是保障美国母婴幼入户指导项目有效实施的重要手段。政府通过识别项目效果、明确投资决策、执行项目监控三步建构起循证管理框架,体现出重视技术支持与专业水平提升、细化操作指南与工作流程、强调部门合作与多主体参与的特征。借鉴美国经验,我国应逐渐强化政府管理责任、树立循证管理理念,形成循证管理模式、建设网络资源库,出台政策法规、建立管理问责制,以推动儿童早期发展的机会平等与打破贫困代际循环。     

Breastfeeding rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in Australia: a systematic review and narrative analysis

BackgroundAustralian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (referred to hereafter as Aboriginal) women breastfeed at lower rates than non-Aboriginal women, and rates vary across and within Aboriginal populations.AimTo determine rates of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance and compare individually collected survey data with existing routinely collected state and national breastfeeding data for Aboriginal women.MethodsCINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane library were searched for peer-reviewed literature published between 1995 and 2021. Quantitative studies written in English and reporting breastfeeding for Aboriginal women or women having an Aboriginal infant were included. Screening and quality assessment included co-screening 10% of papers. Two reviewers completed data extraction. A proportional meta-analysis was undertaken for breastfeeding initiation and narrative data synthesis used to summarise breastfeeding maintenance.FindingsThe initial search identified 12,091 records, with 31 full text studies retrieved, and 27 reports from 22 studies met inclusion criteria. Breastfeeding initiation was 78% (95% CI 0.71, 0.84), however, rates were lower than non-Aboriginal women. Maintenance ranged between one week and five years. Rates and definitions varied significantly between studies, with inconsistencies in government collection and reporting of breastfeeding.ConclusionSignificant variation in definitions and reporting make comparisons difficult. Breastfeeding rates were below recommended targets. Future pattern and trend analyses require standardised measures and definitions. Current collection and reporting of breastfeeding data, particularly routinely collected state-based data, is inadequate to present an accurate picture of current breastfeeding in Australia for Aboriginal women and infants, and to effectively inform interventions and policies.     

What makes a developmental network state durable?

As dynamic collaborations between networks of specialists have become more central to developing cutting-edge innovations, designing and sustaining innovation policies that foster them has become an increasingly central concern. This article reviews the characteristics of the “developmental network” or “neo-developmental” states that have been shown to foster innovations at the technological horizon. It then analyzes the US case to suggest why some developmental network approaches to governance have proven relatively durable, while others have not. We conclude with a discussion of what can – and cannot – be learned from the US case, and suggest the importance of comparative work on the sustainability of effective innovation-centered approaches to governance.     

跨文化交际中翻译的语用失误及对应策略研究

在全球经济发展之下，跨国交流越来越频繁。在跨文化合作当中，彼此的交流与沟通成为双方成功合作的关键，分析了 跨文化的概念特征与跨文化翻译当中的语用失误情况，并且提出相应的解决策略。     

Factors that influence women’s decision on infant feeding: An integrative review

BackgroundMany women stop breastfeeding earlier than what they intended prior to birth. Although there are many studies that focus on the factors that influence women’s antenatal breastfeeding decisions, the factors that influence women’s decisions during the continuum of antenatal and postnatal period are less known.AimTo understand and synthesise the contemporary factors that influence women’s decisions on infant feeding from the antenatal period and across the breastfeeding continuum.MethodFive online databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. We included original search articles that were published since 2015 to August 2021 and were available in English. The framework of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. Out of the 872 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of our study. We used theory of birth territory and midwifery guardianship to synthesise the interactions between the themes.FindingsFive main themes were identified: (a) Women’s own views, (b) Family and friend’s preferences and advice, (c) Health professional’s preference, advice and practice, (d) Sociocultural norms, and (e) Media representation. The interaction between the themes was explained based on women’s intrinsic and extrinsic power outlined in the birth territory and midwifery guardianship theory.ConclusionThe factors that influence women’s decisions towards infant feeding methods are complex and multi-dimensional. Promoting and supporting women towards breastfeeding need to focus on the factors that are tailored for a woman within her social network where she can feel safe about her breastfeeding decisions.