论2014年《蒙特利尔议定书》对1963年《东京公约》的修订

鉴于对航空器安全及机上人员财产安全的关切和对遏止机上非循规与扰乱行为的关注,经数年努力,修订1963年《东京公约》(即《关于在航空器上犯罪和犯有某些其他行为的公约》)的《蒙特利尔议定书》于2014年4月在国际民航组织主持召开的国际航空法外交会议上审议通过。该议定书在适用范围规则、刑事管辖权规则与飞行安保员规则等三方面对《东京公约》作出重要变更,其努力值得肯定。然而,对议定书与《东京公约》的对比分析和对议定书约文本身的详细考察均显示,议定书对《东京公约》的几项主要修订尚欠成熟,且存在不容忽视的问题与缺陷,势必影响其目的的实现。《蒙特利尔议定书》对《东京公约》的修订并未取得令人满意的效果,其生效前景也不容乐观。     

“只有……才”的逻辑语义及其来源

只有and cai（才before or after the subject or adverbial. When they are used in the context, zhiyou is a focus marker and cai is focus-sensitive operator, and they limit the subject together. There is implied conditional relationship between subject-predicate, and zhiyou…cai obtains necessary condition meaning from the limitation to the conditional relationship. Similarly, the adverbials limited by zhiyou and cai are also conditional adverbials, and zhiyou…cai turn the condition into necessary condition     

国家自然科学基金资助项目综合评价:基于Vague集多准则决策

采用基于Vague集的多准则决策方法,对国家自然科学基金11类主要竞争性资助项目的实施情况进行综合评价和排序.首先,通过问卷调研的方式,由国家自然科学基金项目评审专家采用"高"、"不高"和"不清楚"三类语义,对各类项目按照"评审公正性"、"管理规范性"、"科研创新性"和"社会影响力"四个准则进行评价;然后,根据问卷统计结果,将语义评价转化为Vague估计值,并利用一种新的评分函数计算各类项目在各准则下的得分;最后,采用正态分布的OWA算子集结各准则下的得分,得到所有项目的综合评价和排序.本文的研究结果将为完善国家自然科学基金的资助结构与管理模式提供重要参考依据.     

基于不同粒度语言判断矩阵的多属性群决策方法

针对具有不同粒度语言判断矩阵形式的偏好信息的多属性群决策问题,首先给出了不同粒度语言转换的准则,给出了将不同粒度语言短语一致化的函数及其性质,并进而提出了基于不同粒度语言判断矩阵的多属性群决策方法.该方法不仅简洁、直观,且不会发生信息丢失,所得的决策结果较为精确、合理,最后通过算例对方法的实用性和有效性进行了说明.     

基于个体问卷不确定性的企业文化累加算子研究

针对目前企业文化问卷调查过程中答卷人员评分的主观性导致企业文化集结计量的不确定性,本文提出一个新的方法,即通过Choquet模糊积分来集结中间变量值,并采用Yager模糊熵来表示测度的模糊性,以避免权重确定的主观性和复杂性,提高测度的准确性;将该方法应用于某国际酒店的文化测量,结果表明了该方法是可行和有效的。     

A new reproducing kernel-based nonlinear dimension reduction method for survival data

Based on the theories of sliced inverse regression (SIR) and reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), a new approach RDSIR (RKHS-based Double SIR) to nonlinear dimension reduction for survival data is proposed. An isometric isomorphism is constructed based on the RKHS property, then the nonlinear function in the RKHS can be represented by the inner product of two elements that reside in the isomorphic feature space. Due to the censorship of survival data, double slicing is used to estimate the weight function to adjust for the censoring bias. The nonlinear sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) subspace is estimated by a generalized eigen-decomposition problem. The asymptotic property of the estimator is established based on the perturbation theory. Finally, the performance of RDSIR is illustrated on simulated and real data. The numerical results show that RDSIR is comparable with the linear SDR method. Most importantly, RDSIR can also effectively extract nonlinearity from survival data.     

基于对偶犹豫模糊几何Heronian平均算子的多属性决策方法及其应用

针对需要同时考虑变量隶属度、非隶属度以及关联性的融合问题，本文将对偶犹豫模糊集与Heronian平均算子相结合，定义了对偶犹豫模糊几何Heronian平均算子和对偶犹豫模糊几何加权Heronian平均算子，讨论了新算子的一些优良特性，包括幂等性、置换不变性、有界性、单调性等性质，并针对属性值为对偶犹豫模糊语言信息关联系的多属性决策问题，建立了基于对偶犹豫模糊几何加权Heronian平均算子的多属性决策模型，基于所定义的算子和建立的数学模型，提出了一种新的基于对偶犹豫模糊Heronian平均算子的多属性决策方法。最后，通过多属性决策算例验证了方法的有效性和可行性。     

The Dynamics of Inequality

The past forty years have seen a rapid rise in top income inequality in the United States. While there is a large number of existing theories of the Pareto tail of the long‐run income distributions, almost none of these address the fast rise in top inequality observed in the data. We show that standard theories, which build on a random growth mechanism, generate transition dynamics that are too slow relative to those observed in the data. We then suggest two parsimonious deviations from the canonical model that can explain such changes: “scale dependence” that may arise from changes in skill prices, and “type dependence,” that is, the presence of some “high‐growth types.” These deviations are consistent with theories in which the increase in top income inequality is driven by the rise of “superstar” entrepreneurs or managers.