基于外部干预的统计数据博弈模型链

当前社会各界仍普遍反映我国政府统计数据质量较差,其中一个重要原因就是外部干预造成的。本文建立的统计数据非生成过程的三个博弈模型证实和模拟了外部干预统计数据质量的动力和途径,说明了统计数据在干预下的上报倾向,并通过对博弈模型均衡及参数的分析,得出了相应的结论和改进数据质量的均衡观。     

Defining,illustrating and reflecting on logic analysis with an example from a professional development program

Program designers and evaluators should make a point of testing the validity of a program's intervention theory before investing either in implementation or in any type of evaluation. In this context, logic analysis can be a particularly useful option, since it can be used to test the plausibility of a program's intervention theory using scientific knowledge. Professional development in public health is one field among several that would truly benefit from logic analysis, as it appears to be generally lacking in theorization and evaluation. This article presents the application of this analysis method to an innovative public health professional development program, the Health Promotion Laboratory. More specifically, this paper aims to (1) define the logic analysis approach and differentiate it from similar evaluative methods; (2) illustrate the application of this method by a concrete example (logic analysis of a professional development program); and (3) reflect on the requirements of each phase of logic analysis, as well as on the advantages and disadvantages of such an evaluation method. Using logic analysis to evaluate the Health Promotion Laboratory showed that, generally speaking, the program's intervention theory appeared to have been well designed. By testing and critically discussing logic analysis, this article also contributes to further improving and clarifying the method.     

自由与介入——萨特文论一瞥

批判性地考察了萨特区分诗与散文的语言学美学框架。从存在论、实践论和作品存在方式上分析了萨特文学介入论的意涵。考辨了萨特对具体历史境况中的文学与自由的关系的论述。     

补救预防并举 促进家庭和谐——构建和谐社会过程中社会工作的应尽职责

家庭和谐是社会和谐的基础。当前我国婚姻家庭发展过程中存在诸多不和谐因素,给家庭和社会带来了消极影响。婚姻家庭问题的解决,需要专业社会工作的积极介入。社会工作的介入主要可分为两个大的方面:补救型的介入和预防型的介入。在预防和消除婚姻家庭问题、构建和谐家庭乃至和谐社会的过程中,专业社会工作可以发挥重要作用。     

Using a stress audit: The construction site manager experience in the UK

The aim of this study was to conduct a stress audit among construction industry site managers in the UK as a precursor to a stress management intervention programme. Qualitative data were obtained from in-dept interviews with a total of 36 male middle and senior construction site managers; and aquantitative data were obtained by questionnaire. Based on the analysis of 561 postal quenstionnaires, eight stressor factors were identified, most significantly, ambiguity (i.e. role and task). Job satisfaction levels were low compared to a normative population and influenced by grade level. Measures of mental health were similar to the norm for males, but both grade of management and type of contract affected mental health. Anxiety levels were signficantly high, independent of managerial grade. The stress of work overload and role insecurity (fear of failure) were associated with reduced mental health and high anxiety, and the stress of the organizational culture and climate was the strongest predictor of job dissatisfaction. There was some cause for concern for the vulnerable high-risk groups, i.e. the extreme type A and those working overtime. Medical data from a small subset of managers (n = 78) revealed that this group evidenced a better quality of psychological health than the group in total; but a high percentage of personnel had high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. Recommendations for action focused on the needs of specific subgroups, and guided the organization on the acceptability of possible interventions at individual, interpersonal and organizational levels.     

Process and evaluation of a group intervention for mothers with parenting difficulties

Twenty-one mothers with severe parenting difficulties, including 12 children on the Child Protection Register, were involved in an intensive parenting intervention. The 4-month group-based package included psychotherapy to allow mothers to come to terms with past and present stressors, and direct and video work with mothers and children using a multi-dimensional model of parenting. Considerable positive change in interaction and child centredness was evident when before and after videotapes of the mothers and children were compared. Negative interaction dropped to one-quarter of the pre-group level and mothers were more effective in exercising appropriate control. Of the 12 children on the Child Protection Register, 10 subsequently had their names removed, with both remaining children returning to the mother's care from compulsory care. This compares favourably with area figures, suggesting that about one-third of children are removed annually from the register. The multi-dimensional model of parenting not only provided a basis for measuring mother's skills but a coherent focus for intervention.     

Making control charts more effective by time series analysis: three illustrative applications

Control charts contribute to the monitoring and improvement of process quality by helping to separate out special cause variation from common cause variation. By common cause variation we mean the usual variation in an in-control process. Special causes can be thought of as disturbances, possibly transitory, impacting a process that is in a state of statistical control. However, there is no clear place in this scheme of special causes and common causes for systematic non-iid variation, such as trend, seasonal, autoregression variation, and intervention effects from efforts to improve the proess. When systematic non-iid variation is present, time series modeling and fitting can fill in this picture. In the time series framework, observations influenced by special causes can be treated as outliers from the currently-entertained time-series model and can be detected by outlier detection methods. We discuss three data sets that illustrate how this can be done in order to make control charts more effective. We show also how a standard control-chart supplement called "pattern analysis" can be useful in time-series work.     

Homeless Careers: A Framework for Intervention

Abstract

The present paper identifies three ‘homeless careers’ abstracted from the diversity and complexity of individual cases and pathways. These are the ‘youth career’, the ‘housing crisis career’ and the ‘family breakdown career’. The paper discusses the usefulness of the career typology for framing interventions. A core argument is that early intervention involves different forms of practice in each pathway. For young people, early intervention has to occur when they are at the ‘in-and-out’ stage, before they have made a permanent break from family. For adults experiencing housing crisis, early intervention is about providing assistance to people before they lose their accommodation. The family breakdown career commonly involves domestic violence, so although early intervention may involve family reconciliation, in many cases it involves supporting victims of domestic violence to move to alternative, secure accommodation.     

Interventions for musculoskeletal disorders in computer-intense office work: A framework for evaluation

Workplace interventions for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are usually multifaceted. These interventions tend to deal with multiple work organizational and physical risk factors and have components occurring at different organizational levels. The organizations are often changing, with shifting initiatives and priorities. Evaluation of such interventions poses challenges in documentation of implementation, reduction in exposures, and assessment of improved health outcomes. We describe a means-outcomes framework for evaluating field interventions that includes strategies, activities, objectives and metrics for outcomes using quantitative and qualitative methods. We demonstrate application of the framework to our work with a large newspaper, which builds on existing laboratory, aetiological and best practice evidence to improve musculoskeletal health. The newspaper had adopted several organizational strategies aimed at improving financial performance, including restructuring into teams, a major set of moves/renovations and introduction of new software. Concomitant WMSD-related organizational strategies include an ergonomics policy, human resources activities, promotion of team work, changes in environment and equipment specifications and development of information systems. We have found the framework useful for focusing the purpose of data collection and ensuring coverage of important components. At the same time, it provides sufficient flexibility to respond to the changing process of implementation.     

Clinicians' Experiences of a Podcast Series on Implementing a Manualized Treatment

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore clinicians' experiences of using Podcasts to assist with implementing an evidence-based practice (EBP). Twelve clinicians, including eight student interns, at a human service organization were interviewed about their perceptions of using Podcasts about implementing an EBP called Grief and Trauma Intervention (GTI) for Children. Major themes included that the Podcasts were helpful, liked the short length, fit their learning styles, useful teaching tool, wanted more clinical content and more engaging material, and that administrative support was important for use. Technological difficulties were a major barrier to use. There were some differences in experiences of the Podcasts between post-masters professionals and interns. Podcasts may be a useful technology to help clinicians implement EBPs, and future research on Podcast use is warranted.