孔子学院的发展现状、问题及趋势

孔子学院是以教授汉语和传播中国文化为宗旨的非营利的公益机构，是海外朋友学习汉语了解中国的窗口，也是学习借鉴不同文化、促进多元文化交流发展而构建和谐世界的平台。作为汉语国际推广的龙头产品，孔子学院的建设已经初具规模，发展的势头引人瞩目。本文谨就孔子学院的发展现状、存在问题以及未来的趋势作一概括性的阐述和分析。     

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for high dimensional inversion in remote sensing

Summary.  We discuss the inversion of the gas profiles (ozone, NO₃, NO₂, aerosols and neutral density) in the upper atmosphere from the spectral occultation measurements. The data are produced by the 'Global ozone monitoring of occultation of stars' instrument on board the Envisat satellite that was launched in March 2002. The instrument measures the attenuation of light spectra at various horizontal paths from about 100 km down to 10–20 km. The new feature is that these data allow the inversion of the gas concentration height profiles. A short introduction is given to the present operational data management procedure with examples of the first real data inversion. Several solution options for a more comprehensive statistical inversion are presented. A direct inversion leads to a non-linear model with hundreds of parameters to be estimated. The problem is solved with an adaptive single-step Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Another approach is to divide the problem into several non-linear smaller dimensional problems, to run parallel adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo chains for them and to solve the gas profiles in repetitive linear steps. The effect of grid size is discussed, and we present how the prior regularization takes the grid size into account in a way that effectively leads to a grid-independent inversion.     

Goodness of fit for the inverse Gaussian distribution

For testing the fit of the inverse Gaussian distribution with unknown parameters, the empirical distribution-function statistic A² is studied. Two procedures are followed in constructing the test statistic; they yield the same asymptotic distribution. In the first procedure the parameters in the distribution function are directly estimated, and in the second the distribution function is estimated by its Rao-Blackwell distribution estimator. A table is given for the asymptotic critical points of A². These are shown to depend only on the ratio of the unknown parameters. An analysis is provided of the effect of estimating the ratio to enter the table for A². This analysis enables the proposal of the complete operating procedure, which is sustained by a Monte Carlo study.     

物理学革命中的哲学论战——纪念爱因斯坦逝世50周年

在19世纪末20世纪初的物理学革命中,从X射线、放射性和电子等重大发现,到相对论和量子力学的相继创建,使得物理学基本观念发生了根本变革,并对一系列物理学哲学问题展开了激烈争论。本文对物理学革命中的哲学论战进行述评,旨在深化科学哲学界对这一时期物理学哲学问题的系统研究,并以此纪念爱因斯坦逝世50周年。     

浅议高职学生心理素质教育

由于自身的特点 ,当代大学生面对社会变革和竞争压力 ,产生了诸多的心理问题乃至心理疾病。而高职学生作为其中的一个特殊群体 ,存在的心理问题更为突出。基于大学生心理素质教育的现实 ,本文分析了高职学生存在的心理问题及产生的原因 ,并有针对性地提出了解决的方法和途径。     

谈我市国有企业改革的现状与对策

深化国有企业改革是推进我国经济体制改革发展的重要组成部分。我市国有企业存在着体制改革形式过于单一、企业运作不规范、资金短缺、负担过重等问题。为了进一步深化国有企业改革,政府应把现代企业制度落到实处,努力实现投资主体的多元化,切实做到政企分开,着力解决再就业工程,为企业的健康发展提供良好的经济环境。     

学分制下教学管理工作存在的问题及对策

文章比较了学年制和学分制的优缺点,并探讨了我国高校特别是广东工业大学在推行学分制过程中遇到的问题及相应的解决对策.     

Assessing accuracy of a continuous screening test in the presence of verification bias

Summary.  In studies to assess the accuracy of a screening test, often definitive disease assessment is too invasive or expensive to be ascertained on all the study subjects. Although it may be more ethical or cost effective to ascertain the true disease status with a higher rate in study subjects where the screening test or additional information is suggestive of disease, estimates of accuracy can be biased in a study with such a design. This bias is known as verification bias. Verification bias correction methods that accommodate screening tests with binary or ordinal responses have been developed; however, no verification bias correction methods exist for tests with continuous results. We propose and compare imputation and reweighting bias-corrected estimators of true and false positive rates, receiver operating characteristic curves and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for continuous tests. Distribution theory and simulation studies are used to compare the proposed estimators with respect to bias, relative efficiency and robustness to model misspecification. The bias correction estimators proposed are applied to data from a study of screening tests for neonatal hearing loss.     

浅谈国有企业改革中存在的问题及对策

对国有企业改革中存在的问题进行了分析 ,并提出国有企业改革是目前我国经济工作的重点 ,应结合国有资本退出采取股份制改造等方式 ,通过建立健全配套法规 ,建立现代企业制度 ,引入独立董事 ,完善经营者的激励约束机制 ,把国有企业改造成为能够适应社会主义市场经济的企业法人。     

语篇分析与阅读理解

通过对英语阅读教学中存在问题的分析 ,着重阐述语篇分析在阅读理解中的重要影响和作用 ,分析语篇与语句之间的关系 ,说明阅读理解能力的提高必须建立在语篇分析的基础之上 ,从而说明语篇分析在外语阅读教学中的必要性