Testing equality of correlation coefficients in two populations via permutation methods

The present paper investigates the asymptotic behaviour of a studentized permutation test for testing equality of (Pearson) correlation coefficients in two populations. It is shown that this test is asymptotically of exact level and has the same power for contiguous alternatives as the corresponding asymptotic test. As a by-product we specify the assumptions needed for the validity of the permutation test suggested in Sakaori (2002). A small simulation study compares the finite sample properties of the considered tests.     

A two sample ordered alternative test for means and variances

A two sample test of likelihood ratio type is proposed, assuming normal distribution theory, for testing the hypothesis that two samples come from identical normal populations versus the alternative that the populations are normal but vary in mean value and variance with one population having a smaller mean and smaller variance than the other. The small sample and large sample distribution of the proposed statistic are derived assuming normality. Some computations are presented which show the speed of convergence of small sample critical values to their asymptotic counterparts. Comparisons of local power of the proposed test are made with several potential competing tests. Asymptotics for the test statistic are derived when underlying distributions are not necessarily normal.     

Restricted alternatives tests in a bivariate exponential model with covariates

This paper is about the analysis of paired survival data using the exponential bivariate model of Sarkar for the underlying survival times, (X,Y), subject to censoring. Under this parametric model we test parameters in the presence of covariates. We consider first, tests of hypotheses of independence and equality of survival marginals, and second, test of hypotheses of covariate effects and survival superiority of one marginal over the other are considered. For this last question we applied a statistical test based on the Union-intersection principle.     

Precedence-type test based on Kaplan–Meier estimator of cumulative distribution function

In this paper, we introduce a precedence-type test based on Kaplan–Meier estimator of cumulative distribution function (CDF) for testing the hypothesis that two distribution functions are equal against a stochastically ordered hypothesis. This test is an alternative to the precedence life-test proposed first by Nelson (1963). After deriving the null distribution of the test statistic, we present its exact power function under the Lehmann alternative, and compare the exact power as well as simulated power (under location-shift) of the proposed test with other precedence-type tests. Next, we extend this test to the case of progressively Type-II censored data. Critical values for some combination of sample sizes and progressive censoring schemes are presented. We then examine the power properties of this test procedure and compare them to those of the weighted precedence and weighted maximal precedence tests under a location-shift alternative by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we present two examples to illustrate all the test procedures discussed here, and then make some concluding remarks.     

Cashless stores and cash users

The emergence of cashless stores has led several cities and states to ban such stores. This article investigates this policy issue by characterizing consumers who pay cash for in-person purchases and banked and unbanked consumers who do not have credit or debit cards. Using a random utility model, I simulate the effects on consumer welfare caused by a hypothetical complete transition to cashless stores. The simulations show that the burden from this transition on consumers with no credit or debit cards is seven times higher than the burden on consumers who have both cards. The conclusion lists policy options for alternatives to cash that may be needed before all brick-and-mortar stores become cashless.     

Is the Partner Who Decides to Divorce More Attractive? A Comparison Between Initiators and Noninitiators

Five hundred eighty divorced individuals from Germany, Italy, and Switzerland provided retrospective reports on the perceived similarities and differences between themselves and their former partner and on their own and their partner's attractiveness. Initiators and noninitiators were compared with regard to these different variables. Results demonstrated that most divorcees perceived themselves to be quite similar to their former partner. Initiating women were more likely than noninitiating women to perceive themselves as different from their former partner in personality, norms, and needs and to evaluate their former partner to be less attractive. Initiating men were more likely than noninitiating men to perceive differences with regard to the personality between themselves and their partners.     

论家族活动中农民的文化选择——以石溪村为例

石溪村的家族活动涉及到农村政治、经济、文化和社会生活的方方面面；农民在政治生活中从被动到主动，在经济生活中从自发到自觉，在文化活动中从封闭到开放，在社会生活中从传统到现代；农民的文化选择不仅加速了其自身角色意识从“家族人”到“现代人”的转换，也促进了农村家族文化与现代化的有效对接。     

General scores statistics on ranks in the analysis of unbalanced designs

The authors consider the situation of incomplete rankings in which n judges independently rank k_i ∈ {2, …, t} objects. They wish to test the null hypothesis that each judge picks the ranking at random from the space of k_i! permutations of the integers 1, …, k_i. The statistic considered is a generalization of the Friedman test in which the ranks assigned by each judge are replaced by real‐valued functions a(j, k_i), 1 ≤ j ≤ k_i ≤ t of the ranks. The authors define a measure of pairwise similarity between complete rankings based on such functions, and use averages of such similarities to construct measures of the level of concordance of the judges' rankings. In the complete ranking case, the resulting statistics coincide with those defined by Hájek & ?idák (1967, p. 118), and Sen (1968). These measures of similarity are extended to the situation of incomplete rankings. A statistic is derived in this more general situation and its properties are investigated.     

英语中的性别歧视语研究

本文的主题是研究性别歧视问题。文章首先揭示分析了语言各方面体现出的歧视,然后针对问题提出了消除性别歧视的建议和方法。笔者试图通过对该问题的讨论唤起人们对语言歧视这一消极方面的意识,进而促进非歧视语言的推广。     

Plans And Decisions

Counterexamples are constructed for classical decision theory, turning on the fact that actions must often be chosen in groups rather than individually, i.e., the objects of rational choice are plans. It is argued that there is no way to define optimality for plans that makes the finding of optimal plans the desideratum of rational decision-making. An alternative called locally global planning is proposed as a replacement for classical decision theory. Decision-making becomes a non-terminating process without a precise target rather than a terminating search for an optimal solution.