How Do Women in Developing Countries Increase Political Representation in National Assemblies? A Longitudinal Analysis of South Korea

Previous studies have found that political, socioeconomic, and ideological factors are critical determinants of gender equality in political representation. However, these studies have not explained the combined effects of these factors over time in each country. Furthermore, because they focus primarily on Western, developed countries, the experiences of non-Western developing countries have been overlooked. To fill this gap, this article uses data on South Korea from 1948 to 2008 to examine the effects of political, socioeconomic, and ideological factors on the level of women’s political representation. Results indicate that, compared to socioeconomic factors, political and ideological factors are more critical determinants of gender equality in political leadership.     

Measuring efficiency with products,by-products and parent-offspring relations: A conditional two-stage DEA model

In the usual data envelopment analysis (DEA) setting, as pioneered by Charnes et al. (1978) [1], it is assumed that a set of decision making units (DMUs) is to be evaluated in terms of their relative efficiencies in converting a bundle of inputs into a bundle of outputs. The usual assumption in DEA is that each output is impacted by each and every member of the input set. One particular area of recent research is that relating to partial input to output impacts where the main issue addressed is that in many settings not all inputs impact all outputs. In that situation the authors view the DMU as consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subunits, with each subunit having its own unique bundle of inputs and outputs. Examined as well in this area, is the presence of multiple processes for generating sets of outputs. Missing from that earlier work is consideration of the presence of outputs in the form of by-products, giving rise to a parent-offspring phenomenon. One of the modeling complications there is that the parent assumes two different roles; as an input affecting the offspring, while at the same time being the dominant output. This gives rise to a model that we refer to as conditional two-stage. Another complication is that in the presence of multiple processes, by-products often arise out of only a subset of those processes. In the current paper we develop a DEA-type of methodology to handle partial input to output impacts in the presence of by-products.     

Cross‐Training with Imperfect Training Schemes

Cross‐training workers is one of the most efficient ways of achieving flexibility in manufacturing and service systems for increasing responsiveness to demand variability. However, it is generally the case that cross‐trained employees are not as productive on a specific task as employees who were originally trained for that task. Also, the productivity of the cross‐trained workers depends on when they are cross‐trained. In this work, we consider a two‐stage model to analyze the effects of variations in productivity levels on cross‐training policies. We define a new metric called achievable capacity and show that it plays a key role in determining the structure of the problem. If cross‐training can be done in a consistent manner, the achievable capacity is not affected when the training is done, which implies that the cross‐training decisions are independent of the opportunity cost of lost demand and are based on a trade‐off between cross‐training costs at different times. When the productivities of workers trained at different times differ, there is a three‐way trade‐off between cross‐training costs at different times and the opportunity cost of lost demand due to lost achievable capacity. We analyze the effects of variability and show that if the productivity levels of workers trained at different times are consistent, the decision maker is inclined to defer the cross‐training decisions as the variability of demand or productivity levels increases. However, when the productivities of workers trained at different times differ, an increase in the variability may make investing more in cross‐training earlier more preferable.     

The influence of cohort effects on mortality trends in India

The inferences drawn from this study are as follows: The stagnation/ increase in mortality rates of adult ages in the recent years in India as well as for the major states may be attributed to food shortages and price hikes experienced in the country during 1960–74. In other words, all those who were adults during 1980s had experienced the crisis of hunger due to nonavailability of food as well as entitlement failure during their childhood. These persons would have had higher risk of dying in their life time and that may be one of the main reasons for the stagnation or increase in adult mortality in India and in most of the states. The findings of the study suggest that, the economic crisis experienced in India during the late eighties, may decrease the survival chances of those born during this period in their future life time. However, successful containment of increase in food prices during the period of crisis would be helpful in protecting the entitlement of vulnerable groups. The policy implication of the study is that it is essential to control the prices of food during the time of food shortages and or economic crisis and even in the period when food is available, measures should be undertaken to evolve efficient distribution system ensuring the supply of food to those vulnerable groups, who were unlucky to be born or were in infancy during the period of economic crisis. Thus, essentially this is a study in interaction of economic factors and demographic trends in an economy where large segments of the population are periodically subject to heightened food insecurities, compression of real wages and entitlement failures.     

新生代农民工与城市居民社会距离实证研究

本文根据抽样调查的结果,探讨新生代农民工与城市居民社会距离状况及影响因素。本研究发现,新生代农民工还没有完全融入城市居民的生活圈,存在着一定的社会隔离。回归分析结果表明,性别、是否独生子女、城市生活体验、社区参与程度、相对剥夺感对其与城市居民的社会距离感有显著性影响。     

沙漠化地区乡村社区生态移民影响因子与预测模型研究

本文讨论了民勤湖区生态移民的影响因子,认为水资源因子和收入因子是该地区发生移民的决定性因子,并且计算出了移民数量的预测模型。得出今后五年内该地区自发式移民数量为14236人,据此提出三点建议。     

Native American kids: American Indian children’s well-being indicators for the nation and two states

American Indian/Alaska Native well-being, survival-based data are rare. This study explores the question of whether or not it is possible to produce such well-being information using secondary data sources. The answer is yes, with some limitations. Hence, Native American data for 10 well-being indicators nationally and for New Mexico and South Dakota, using a model like Kids Count (Annie E. Casey Foundation: 2003a, 2001 KIDS COUNT Data Book: State profiles of child well-being (Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD)) are reported; thereby reducing the gap in survival indicators for U.S. Indigenous children and youths. Comparisons between all children and American Indian children demonstrate that Native American children have comparatively worse well-being rates at the national level and in South Dakota, whereas New Mexico Native kids compare favorably to their non-Native peers. Policy recommendations conclude the paper. This research was funded by Casey Family Programs (Seattle, Washington) and the Annie E. Casey Foundation (Baltimore, Maryland) with partnership from the National Indian Child Welfare Association (Portland, Oregon). Charlotte Goodluck, Ph.D. collaborated with me on previous work that this study builds upon. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments, this paper is much improved because of their efforts. Angela A. A. Willeto is an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation.     

福州市中等职业学校足球开展的影响因素分析

本文通过对福州中等职业学校足球运动发展情况的调查,总结出影响足球开展的三个重要因素：学生兴趣、场地条件和学校重视程度。并总结足球游戏的特点和作用,通过开展足球游戏来发展中等职业学校足球运动,为福州中等职业学校足球运动的发展提出一些建议。     

公允价值会计准则变更的市场反应研究——基于亏损上市公司的经验证据

本文以自1998年6月以来我国公允价值会计准则的六次变更为研究背景,以A股亏损上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了公允价值会计准则变更的市场反应及其反应程度的影响因素。研究结果发现:公允价值会计准则的变更,能够影响亏损上市公司投资者的预期,产生比较显著的市场反应,允许使用公允价值计量属性的会计准则的颁布,会产生显著为正的市场反应,取消使用公允价值计量属性的会计准则的颁布,会产生显著为负的市场反应;上市公司的亏损年限、亏损程度与公允价值会计准则变更的市场反应程度显著正相关。     

构建文化取向的本土女性心理学初探

女性心理学挑战传统心理学的研究视角、研究方法,成为当代心理学发展的重要动力。中国女性心理学的研究中缺乏本土取向,缺乏文化因素,缺乏性别视角,本土女性心理学的研究还没有发展起来。通过分析社会性别与中国文化的关系,透过中国近代性别视角的转换来理解对女性人格建构的社会心理需求。基于上述分析,提出构建本土女性心理学的三个角度：以中国文化为依托,挖掘本土文化资源;将社会性别意识纳入女性心理学的构建中;注重女性的主体性,推动女性性别意识的觉醒。本土女性心理学的构建将使人们更好地认识性别差异、女性心理和两性关系。