普通话水平测试评分差异中的语感作用

普通话水平测试中对超音段语音因素的评判主要依靠语感 ,评分差异较大。对语言的认识的欠缺、语感的感知心理特性以及各人语感差异是评分差异的原因。语感应当对语流结构的多层级和多线性反映 ,并应当不断理性化。测试评分应当对语感作用采取容纳和分数限制 ,重视在朗读的“方言色彩”和说话的“自然流畅”中反映应试人普通话语流水平     

兽用速效感冒注射液的研究 Ⅰ.速效感冒针的解热镇痛试验

本试验用灭菌牛奶皮下注射法复制家兔发热模型,肌注本品观察2小时内体温下降情况,井与复方氨基比林及安乃近针比较。结果;使用本品1.0—1.5小时后,其降温作用极显著(P<0.01)和显著(0.010.05)。     

The generalized fluctuation test: A unifying view

In this paper, a general principle of constructing tests for parameter constancy without assuming a specific alternative is introduced. A unified asymptotic result is established to analyze this class of tests. As applications, tests based on the range of recursive and moving estimates are considered, and their asymptotic distributions are characterized analytically. Our simulations show that different tests have quite different behavior under various alternatives and that no test uniformly dominates the other tests.     

普通话水平测试中的"轻声"问题

"轻声"是普通话里的一种特殊变调,是普通话水平测试中必须考查的语言点之一.由于轻声的不确定性(音变调值和轻声词数量的不确定性),使得轻声成了测试中令人困惑的问题.本文针对笔者临场测试所收集到的轻声问题,从语音理论的角度,对如何把握好"轻声"作了初步探讨.     

申论考试与应试者的能力素养

申论作为国家录用公务员的考试科目,已引起高校学生的广泛关注。应试者应把握申论考试的特点,一是考查功能的综合性,二是所论问题的现实性,三是试题组合的层次性,四是应试者角色的规定性。应试者应具备的能力素养主要是政策理论修养、阅读理解能力、辞章文体构建能力、处理实际事务的能力。有志于应试公务员者应提升综合素质,练好内功。     

Improving the Power of Tests of Stochastic Dominance

We extend Hansen's (2005) recentering method to a continuum of inequality constraints to construct new Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests for stochastic dominance of any pre-specified order. We show that our tests have correct size asymptotically, are consistent against fixed alternatives and are unbiased against some N^?1/2 local alternatives. It is shown that by avoiding the use of the least favorable configuration, our tests are less conservative and more powerful than Barrett and Donald's (2003) and in some simulation examples we consider, we find that our tests can be more powerful than the subsampling test of Linton et al. (2005 Linton, O., Maasoumi, E., Whang, Y.-J. (2005). Consistent testing for stochastic dominance under general sampling schemes. The Review of Economic Studies 72:735–765.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We apply our method to test stochastic dominance relations between Canadian income distributions in 1978 and 1986 as considered in Barrett and Donald (2003 Barrett, G. F., Donald, S. G. (2003). Consistent tests for stochastic dominance. Econometrica 71: 71–104.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and find that some of the hypothesis testing results are different using the new method.     

Testing the validity of the exponential model for hybrid Type-I censored data

The exponential distribution has been used in life-testing and reliability studies. In this article, we first express the entropy of Type-I hybrid censoring scheme in terms of hazard function and provide an estimate of the entropy of Type-I hybrid censored data. Then, we construct a goodness-of-fit test statistic based on Kullback–Leibler information for Type-I hybrid censored data. The test statistic is used to test for exponentiality. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to obtain the power of the proposed test against various alternatives. Finally, a data example is presented for illustrative purpose.     

FISIM核算之参考利率的比较与选择

现有核算体系中,间接测算的金融中介服务（FISIM）出现核算漏洞,致使SNA内部出现核算的不一致性以及FISIM负值。因此,SNA（2008）建议参考利率应反映存贷款的风险和期限结构。随之,国际与欧洲FISIM工作组探讨了各种经风险和期限调整的参考利率以改进FISIM核算,包括加权参考利率、匹配参考利率、长短期双参考利率、中点参考利率与SNA建议的参考利率。为了检验他们在中国的适用性,本文从利率的波动性、FISIM负值发生的可能性以及对FISIM生产与使用造成的影响等方面,对这些参考利率进行实证检验。研究发现,期限调整方面,加权参考利率与长短期双参考利率相对稳定,发生FISIM负值的可能性也较小。其中加权参考利率更为简单,实践操作性也更强。中国账面价值参考利率在稳定性、FISIM负值、风险调整方面都有着比较优势,缺点是没有考虑参考利率的期限调整。     

基于回归的时变偏度和时变峰度识别检验

资产收益率时变高阶矩建模的首要前提是资产收益率的偏度和峰度具有时变性,即资产收益率存在类似于异方差性的异偏度和异峰度特征。目前文献中的时变偏度和时变峰度识别检验存在适用性较差且检验功效较低等不足。本文提出基于回归的检验方法识别资产收益率偏度和峰度的时变性。该检验一方面利用概率积分变换缓解了拉格朗日乘数检验对资产收益率序列的高阶矩存在性的限制,另一方面考虑了检验统计量中参数估计的不确定性对其统计性质的影响,具有良好的渐近统计性质且适用性更广。蒙特卡洛模拟表明该检验具有良好的有限样本性质,具有合适的检验水平和较高的检验功效。最后,将基于回归的检验运用于上证综指和深圳成指收益率的时变建模研究中。     

Prequential omnibus goodness-of-fit tests for stochastic processes: A numerical study

This article is a contribution to the study of an omnibus goodness-of-fit (Gof) test based on Rosenblatt Probability Integral Transform (RPIT) within Dawid's prequential framework. This Gof test is easy to use since it has a common test statistic (with apparently the same asymptotic distribution) for a wide range of stochastic models. Intensive Monte-Carlo simulations are presented to investigate the behavior of this test for several stochastic models: renewal, autoregressive (AR, ARMA, ARCH, GARCH) and Poisson processes, generalized linear models... These simulations suggest that the RPIT test could be used to test the fit of a wide range of stochastic models but it may be not powerful when compared to Gof tests specifically designed for the tested processes. It is also conjectured that this test is still appropriate for testing the Gof of any discrete-time stochastic process provided that efficient estimators are used.