汉语古诗词中的话语轮换及其翻译

中国古诗词由于体裁的限制，人物对话往往具有高度的概括性和跳跃性，读者在阅读汉语古诗词时必须弄清作品涉及到的话语角色，识别并补充沉默话轮，这对还原文学作品中人物会话的整个结构，充分理解言简意丰的汉语古诗词致关重要。汉语（尤其是古汉语）的表达偏重意合，这种表达方式导致汉语古诗词中的不少会话角色关系呈隐性，读者需通过上下文逻辑推断，才能理清话语角色、会话相邻对、话轮沉默等。在把汉语古诗词翻译成偏重形合的英语时，一般要酌情增加表明会话角色关系、会话相邻对的词语，甚至补充沉默的话轮，并采用直接引语形式，使译文话轮结构清晰，会话关系呈显性。     

Bayesian inference for categorical data analysis

This article surveys Bayesian methods for categorical data analysis, with primary emphasis on contingency table analysis. Early innovations were proposed by Good (1953, 1956, 1965) for smoothing proportions in contingency tables and by Lindley (1964) for inference about odds ratios. These approaches primarily used conjugate beta and Dirichlet priors. Altham (1969, 1971) presented Bayesian analogs of small-sample frequentist tests for 2 x 2 tables using such priors. An alternative approach using normal priors for logits received considerable attention in the 1970s by Leonard and others (e.g., Leonard 1972). Adopted usually in a hierarchical form, the logit-normal approach allows greater flexibility and scope for generalization. The 1970s also saw considerable interest in loglinear modeling. The advent of modern computational methods since the mid-1980s has led to a growing literature on fully Bayesian analyses with models for categorical data, with main emphasis on generalized linear models such as logistic regression for binary and multi-category response variables.     

INFERENCE FOR CENSORED MATCHED PAIRS USING SIGNED RANKS

Using the marginal likelihood based on the signed ranks derived from matched pairs data, inferences are made for regression parameters. Both members of a given pair are subject to the same censoring time, while different pairs are subject to different censoring times. Censoring is independent of the response and on the right. Easily calculated logistic density scores are used to provide an approximate analysis so that inferences can be made about a regression parameter in the presence of a difference within the matched pairs. Inference for the survival times of matched skin grafts is considered.     

Lattice population dynamics for plants with dispersing seeds and Vegetative propagation

The population dynamics of plants in a lattice structured habitat are studied theoretically. Plants are assumed to propagate both by producing seeds that scatter over the population and by vegetative reproduction by extending runners, rhizomes, or roots, to neighboring vacant sites. In addtion, the seed production rate may be dependent on the local density in the neighborhood, indicating beneficial or harmful crowding effects. Two sets of population dynamical equation(s) are derived: one based onmean-field approximation and the other based onpair approximation (tracing both global and local densities simultaneously). We examine the accuracy of these approximate dynamics by comparing them with direct computer simulation of the stochastic lattice model. Pair approximation is much more accurate than mean-field approximation. Mean-field approximation overestimates the parameter range for persistence if crowding effects on seed production are harmful or weakly beneficial, but underestimates it if crowding effects are highly beneficial. Dynamics may show bistability (both population persistence and extinction) if the effect of crowding is strongly beneficial. If there is a linear trade-off between seed production and vegetative reproduction, the equilibrium abundance of the population may be maximised by a mixture of seed production and vegetative reproduction, rather than by pure seed production or by pure vegetative reproduction. This result is correctly predicted by pair approximation but not by mean-field approximation.     

Tests of marginal homogeneity and special cases

The analysis of two‐way contingency tables is common in clinical studies. In addition to summary counts and percentages, statistical tests or summary measures are often desired. If the data can be viewed as two categorical measurements on the same experimental unit (matched pair data) then a test of marginal homogeneity may be appropriate. The most common clinical example is the so called ‘shift table’ whereby a quantity is tested for change between two time points. The two principal marginal homogeneity tests are the Stuart Maxwell and Bhapkar tests. At present, SAS software does not compute either test directly (for tables with more than two categories) and a programmatic solution is required. Two examples of programmatic SAS code are found in the current literature. Although accurate in most instances, they fail to produce output for certain tables (‘special cases’). After summarizing the mathematics behind the two tests, a SAS macro is presented, which produces correct output for all tables. Finally, several examples are coded and presented with resultant output. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于集对分析的交通运输行业企业社会责任组合评价研究

本文以国际上普遍认可的国际标准化组织ISO26000、全球报告倡议组织G4的企业社会责任理论为基础,通过国内外经典文献的梳理,结合企业履行社会责任的实践,构建了包含环境、经济贡献等在内的7个准则层以及包含了客户投诉处理率51个评价指标的评价体系,以63家上市的交通运输行业企业为研究对象,通过集对分析方法对变异系数、指标难度以及熵权法三种单一赋权方法进行组合,建立企业社会责任的评价模型。本文的创新与特色:一是通过指标得分计算被评价企业与63个名次对应标准分值的同一度,并选取同一度均值的峰值确定企业排名,将变异系数法、指标难度法及熵权法三种单一赋权方法的结果进行组合,得到唯一的企业社会责任排名结果,完善了不同单一赋权方法结果不一致的问题。二是通过数据处理前的Kendall检验对单一评价方法进行一致性判断,通过数据处理后的Spearman检验对结果的一致性进行二次检验,保证了组合评价结果的准确性,解决了单一评价之后直接组合数据导致数据无说服力的问题。实证结果表明,7个准则层中社区发展和人权两方面的表现最佳,在公平运营上表现最差;9个子行业中公路运输业与高速运输业表现较差。     

Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty with Known Measurement Error: Methodology and Case Study

The appearance of measurement error in exposure and risk factor data potentially affects any inferences regarding variability and uncertainty because the distribution representing the observed data set deviates from the distribution that represents an error-free data set. A methodology for improving the characterization of variability and uncertainty with known measurement errors in data is demonstrated in this article based on an observed data set, known measurement error, and a measurement-error model. A practical method for constructing an error-free data set is presented and a numerical method based upon bootstrap pairs, incorporating two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, is introduced to address uncertainty arising from measurement error in selected statistics. When measurement error is a large source of uncertainty, substantial differences between the distribution representing variability of the observed data set and the distribution representing variability of the error-free data set will occur. Furthermore, the shape and range of the probability bands for uncertainty differ between the observed and error-free data set. Failure to separately characterize contributions from random sampling error and measurement error will lead to bias in the variability and uncertainty estimates. However, a key finding is that total uncertainty in mean can be properly quantified even if measurement and random sampling errors cannot be separated. An empirical case study is used to illustrate the application of the methodology.     

The Factors Influencing Saving in a Matched Savings Program: Goals,Knowledge of Payment Instruments,and Other Behavior

This paper explores the saving behavior of the group of low-income households that have participated in the Australian Saver Plus matched savings program. The paper finds that a dynamic panel model represents a good technique for modeling the savings account balances of such participants. We find that, even after controlling for the unobservable individual response to the program incentive, the saving goal and education/financial literacy variables play a positive role in encouraging saving behavior. More importantly however, we find that programs such as Saver Plus are able to modify the saving behavior of individuals to the point where their prior behavior and their inherent attitude towards saving no longer play a significant role.

差异视角下基建投资、产业扶贫与“结对帮扶”减贫效应研究

基于安徽省W县B镇2033户贫困户调查数据,采用二元Logistic模型分析基建投资、产业扶贫与“结对帮扶”对异质性贫困户的减贫效应.结果表明,基建投资对较低脱贫能力贫困户的减贫效应更显著,且长期减贫效果优于短期;产业扶贫能够显著促进贫困户摆脱贫困,且政府扶持政策越强的产业往往向较低脱贫能力贫困户倾斜,使其减贫效果更明显.另外,金融扶贫能够促进产业发展,而且这种减贫效应对较低脱贫能力贫困户更显著;“村外结对”帮扶对贫困户的减贫效果优于“村内结对”自助,而且对较高脱贫能力贫困户的减贫效果达到10%显著水平,而对于较低脱贫能力贫困户的影响不显著.由此提出我国在落实精准扶贫措施时,要做到实事求是、因地制宜、多措并举,巩固脱贫攻坚成果,助力乡村振兴.     

中国哲学史三种诠释范式论析

20世纪20年代中国哲学史学科逐渐建立以来,学者们先后建构了诠释中国哲学史的三种基本范式。第一种是以赵纪彬、杨荣国等为代表的学者建构的“对子结构”诠释范式。它将中国哲学史诠释为唯物主义与唯心主义、辩证法与形而上学斗争的历史。第二种是以任继愈、肖萐父、李锦全等为代表的学者建构的“板块结构”诠释范式。它将中国哲学史诠释为由本体论、认识论、辩证法、历史观等若干板块构成的体系。第三种是以冯契为代表的学者建构的“螺旋式圆圈结构”诠释范式。它将中国哲学史诠释为基于对历史上不同哲学问题的争论、解答而形成的三大螺旋式圆圈结构。螺旋式圆圈结构范式揭示了中国哲学史展开过程中构成哲学发展环节的范畴、命题、论争,因而成为学术界比较认可的中国哲学史诠释范式。