Shortage of girls in China today

China has the most severe shortage of girls compared to boys of any country in the world today, as documented by China's surveys and censuses up to 2000. This article evaluates data on sex ratios in China since before the founding of the People's Republic, and shows that the relative dearth of girls has become more extreme during the last two decades, and that the problem is real and not merely due to undercounting of girls. Daughters are lost primarily through sex-selective abortion, secondly through excess female infant mortality, and thirdly through neglect or mistreatment of girls up to age three, in cities as well as rural areas. Until recently, the dearth of girls was confined to second or higher-order births, but now couples in some provinces are using sex-selective abortions for first births. Maps show the geographical concentration of life-threatening discrimination against girls and its spread over time. Son preference, low fertility and technology combine to cause the loss of daughters in China today and compulsory family planning and the one-child policy exacerbate the problem. The discussion includes what the People's Republic of China has done to ameliorate life-threatening discrimination against girls and what further steps might be taken to improve the situation.     

在经济增长新框架中审视个人收入分配

从适应经济增长要求的角度来看 ,我国的个人收入分配状况还远不能有效地促进经济增长 ,存在一系列亟待解决的问题。寻求解决这些问题的途径和方法 ,是我国经济实现快速稳定增长的基本保证。提高农民收入是促进经济增长的重中之重 ,推进城市化 ,使农民向城市转移 ,是从根本上解决农民收入问题的治本之策。提高居民收入水平则是经济稳定增长的基础 ,可以促进国民经济的良性循环     

经济增长、消费需求与收入分配

本文认为,保持旺盛的消费需求是经济长期稳定增长的根本保证,而居民收入差距过大,严重制约了消费需求的增长,从而成为经济增速减缓的一个重要原因。因此,缩小居民收入差距,刺漱消费需求,是国民经济长期稳定增长的必然要求。     

Bayesian methods for generalized linear models with covariates missing at random

The authors propose methods for Bayesian inference for generalized linear models with missing covariate data. They specify a parametric distribution for the covariates that is written as a sequence of one‐dimensional conditional distributions. They propose an informative class of joint prior distributions for the regression coefficients and the parameters arising from the covariate distributions. They examine the properties of the proposed prior and resulting posterior distributions. They also present a Bayesian criterion for comparing various models, and a calibration is derived for it. A detailed simulation is conducted and two real data sets are examined to demonstrate the methodology.     

试析国民收入的隐形分配——灰色消费理论假说

国民收入的隐形分配通过灰色消费的形式实现。当公共资源被个人垄断、存在通过交换公共资源而获得私利的可能性和现实性时,灰色消费的出现就不可避免。中国人的生活水平仅用年收入或恩格尔系数来衡量是片面的、虚假的,还必须用灰色消费系数来反映。灰色消费起到了一种国民收入再分配的作用,从消费而不是收入方面拉大了贫富差距,并集聚了社会动荡的风险。     

AN EXACT CONDITIONAL TEST FOR COVARIANCE SELECTION MODELS

An exact conditional test is developed for testing the absence of an edge in a graphical covariance selection model and is shown to be equivalent to a test based on the partial correlation coefficient. An example is given.     

论正态分布在教育评价中的应用

本文就正态分布理论做一介绍 ,并着重论述正态分布理论在教育评价中的应用 ,以便使教育评价更为客观、公正 ,这对于提高教育评价水平和管理水平有着十分重要的意义。     

小孔泻流速率分布函数及其特征速率

从麦克斯韦速率分布律出发推导出泻流分子的速率分布 ,讨论了泻流速率分布与平衡态分子速率分布的关系 ,并将它们的相关状态作了对比 ,为实验验证麦克斯韦速率分布律提供了一种新的方法     

EXPONENTIAL DISPERSION MODELS AND THE GAUSS-NEWTON ALGORITHM

It is known that the Fisher scoring iteration for generalized linear models has the same form as the Gauss-Newton algorithm for normal regression. This note shows that exponential dispersion models are the most general families to preserve this form for the scoring iteration. Therefore exponential dispersion models are the most general extension of generalized linear models for which the analogy with normal regression is preserved. The multinomial distribution is used as an example.