圆光栅细分误差的动态测量

本文讨论了圆光栅细分误差及其测量,提出了不采用高精度标准件的圆光栅细分误差测量法——时间平均法,并通过实际测试结果证明了时间平均法的可行性。     

Expanding the focus of cost–benefit analysis for food safety: a multi-factorial risk prioritization approach

A pressing need in the area of food safety is a tool for making overall, macro-judgments about which risks should be given priority for management. Governments often seek to base this prioritization on public health impacts only to find that other considerations also influence the prioritization process. A multi-factorial approach formally recognizes that public health, market-level impacts, consumer risk preferences and acceptance, and the social sensitivity of particular risks all play a role in prioritization. It also provides decision-makers with a variety of information outputs that allow risk prioritization to be considered along different dimensions. Macro-level prioritization of risks based on multiple factors is an important expanded use of cost–benefit analysis to manage risk.     

论林语堂“中庸式”的审美原则

在美学理论中,激情是创作主体进行创作的动因,通过实践冲动实现主体的对象化。而“在这个过程中,还有一个中间环节,即主体对于未来对象化成果的预设”[1]“在艺术家这里就是审美理想。审美理想‘受胎’于宇宙意识,成熟于文艺家的创作思维即艺术思维中。”[2]既然审美理想受胎于     

《中庸》“不诚无物”说新解

本文摈弃西方哲学的范式,应用中国哲学自己的范式,对《中庸》“不诚无物”说作出了一种新的解释,认为事物的有无真假是与人心的诚与不诚相联系的。     

A multi-level cost–benefit approach for regulatory decision support in food safety and quality assurance scenarios

In complex policy decision situations where policy objectives cannot be reached alone through the aggregate actions of individual actors, the classical approaches for measuring the effects of regulatory initiatives such as cost–benefit analysis do not provide the information necessary for decision support. This paper discusses a framework for a multi-level analysis approach that could provide decision support in multi-level policy decision situations.     

Illuminating gendered organization assumptions

One key to why organizations have been less successful at integrating a work–family agenda into their organizational cultures is that workplaces have failed to consider how gender assumptions influence workplace practices, policies and cultures. This paper presents a theoretical framework for considering how gender role assumptions have prevented organizational attempts to become family friendly. Further, this paper uses an organizational case study to illustrate this point. Specifically, a theory of gendered organizations is used to frame an analysis of 30 employee interviews. Data suggest that gendered organizational assumptions inherent to several workplace policies and practices contribute to employee strain associated with negotiating the demands of life on and off the job. Further, the findings show that these gendered organizational assumptions prevent organizations from developing workplace cultures responsive to employees' work, family and personal needs. A brief review of the interdisciplinary work–family field is presented, followed by a discussion of gendered organizations. Then, using interview data collected from management and ‘front‐line’ female and male workers employed at a municipal government, this paper examines how workplace practices, presumably gender neutral, affect employees and the organizational culture in which they work.     

Estimation of the MSE matrix of the stein estimator

Uniformly minimum-variance unbiased (UMVU) estimators of the total risk and the mean-squared-error (MSE) matrix of the Stein estimator for the multivariate normal mean with unknown covariance matrix are proposed. The estimated MSE matrix is helpful in identifying the components which contribute most to the total risk. It also contains information about the performance of the shrinkage estimator with respect to other quadratic loss functions.     

Shannon Information Properties of the Endpoints of Record Coverage

This paper addresses the largest and the smallest observations, at the times when a new record of either kind (upper or lower) occurs, which are it called the current upper and lower record, respectively. We examine the entropy properties of these statistics, especially the difference between entropy of upper and lower bounds of record coverage. The results are presented for some common parametric families of distributions. Several upper and lower bounds, in terms of the entropy of parent distribution, for the entropy of current records are obtained. It is shown that mutual information, as well as Kullback–Leibler distance between the endpoints of record coverage, Kullback–Leibler distance between data distribution, and current records, are all distribution-free.     

Comparing Equal-Tail Probability and Unbiased Confidence Intervals for the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

The conventional confidence interval for the intraclass correlation coefficient assumes equal-tail probabilities. In general, the equal-tail probability interval is biased and other interval procedures should be considered. Unbiased confidence intervals for the intraclass correlation coefficient are readily available. The equal-tail probability and unbiased intervals have exact coverage as they are constructed using the pivotal quantity method. In this article, confidence intervals for the intraclass correlation coefficient are built using balanced and unbalanced one-way random effects models. The expected length of confidence intervals serves as a tool to compare the two procedures. The unbiased confidence interval outperforms the equal-tail probability interval if the intraclass correlation coefficient is small and the equal-tail probability interval outperforms the unbiased interval if the intraclass correlation coefficient is large.     

Presmoothed Estimation with Left-Truncated and Right-Censored Data

We propose a new method to estimate the cumulative hazard function and the corresponding distribution function of survival times under randomly left-truncated and right-censored observations (LTRC). The new estimators are based on presmoothing ideas, the estimation of the conditional expectation m of the censoring indicator. An almost sure representation for both estimators is established, from which a strong consistency rate and asymptotic normality are derived. It is shown that the presmoothed modification leads to a gain in terms of asymptotic mean squared error. This efficiency with respect to the classical estimators is also shown in a simulation study. Finally, an application to a real data set is provided.