Discourse change and policy development in social assistance in China

Zhang H. Discourse change and policy development in social assistance in China Since the introduction of a new social assistance programme in urban China, the state was eventually able to expand the programme to rural areas as a further step towards integrating the development of social assistance in urban and rural areas. This article argues that the development of social assistance in China can be explained by the change of discourse among the officials and the elites in central government. The discourse on social assistance can be conceptualised in three periods: the urban‐first discourse (1999–2003); the discourse debate (2003–2007); and the urban–rural integration discourse (2007–present). Through scrutinising specific discourses and the policy development of social assistance in these three periods, it appears that in company with the change in the discourse process, rural social assistance was developed rapidly in order to construct an integrated social assistance system. The article concludes that discourse plays a significant role in Chinese social assistance policy development.     

武汉市农村最低生活保障制度的问题与建议——基于武汉市青山区的个案分析

在我国,最低生活保障制度为社会成员提供基本生活保障,是社会救助的基础和核心.文章基于对武汉市青山区农村低保个案的调查分析,了解武汉市农村最低生活保障制度的施行状况,发现在运行中存在保障能力不足、保障资金缺乏等几个方面问题.文章结合生态系统理论与社会支持网络理论提出相应的政策建议.     

Sequential Estimation of a Continuous Distribution Function from Delayed Observations

The problem of sequentially estimating a continuous distribution function is considered in the case when the observations become available at random times. A certain class of sequential estimation procedures which are composed of optimal stopping time and sequential minimum risk invariant estimator of a continuous distribution function is obtained under a nonparametric invariant loss function and with the observation cost determined by a convex function of the moment of stopping and the number of observations up to this moment.     

Minimum Aberration Two-Level Fractional Factorial Split-Plot Designs with Hard to Change Factors

In this article we will consider industrial experiments in which some experimental factors have hard to change levels and others have levels which are easy to change. In such situations, fractional factorial split plot designs are often used where the hard to change factors are included as a subset of the whole plot factors and the easy to change factors make up the subplot factors. Here we consider the problem of finding two-level split plot designs which have minimum aberration among those designs which also minimize the number of level changes for the hard to change factors.     

The Consistency and Robustness of Modified Cramér–Von Mises and Kolmogorov–Cramér Estimators

This article focuses on the minimum distance estimators under two newly introduced modifications of Cramér–von Mises distance. The generalized power form of Cramér–von Mises distance is defined together with the so-called Kolmogorov–Cramér distance which includes both standard Kolmogorov and Cramér–von Mises distances as limiting special cases. We prove the consistency of Kolmogorov-Cramér estimators in the (expected) L₁-norm by direct technique employing domination relations between statistical distances. In our numerical simulation we illustrate the quality of consistency property for sample sizes of the most practical range from n = 10 to n = 500. We study dependence of consistency in L₁-norm on ?-contamination neighborhood of the true model and further the robustness of these two newly defined estimators for normal families and contaminated samples. Numerical simulations are used to compare statistical properties of the minimum Kolmogorov–Cramér, generalized Cramér–von Mises, standard Kolmogorov, and Cramér–von Mises distance estimators of the normal family scale parameter. We deal with the corresponding order of consistency and robustness. The resulting graphs are presented and discussed for the cases of the contaminated and uncontaminated pseudo-random samples.     

Improved estimation of scale parameters of morgenstern type bivariate uniform distribution using ranked set sampling

ABSTRACT

In this article we suggest some improved version of estimators of scale parameter of Morgenstern-type bivariate uniform distribution (MTBUD) based on the observations made on the units of the ranked set sampling regarding the study variable Y which is correlated with the auxiliary variable X, when (X, Y) follows a MTBUD. We also suggest some linear shrinkage estimators of scale parameter of Morgenstern type bivariate uniform distribution (MTBUD). Efficiency comparisons are also made in this work.     

A changepoint statistic with uniform type I error probabilities

ABSTRACT

Likelihood ratio tests for a change in mean in a sequence of independent, normal random variables are based on the maximum two-sample t-statistic, where the maximum is taken over all possible changepoints. The maximum t-statistic has the undesirable characteristic that Type I errors are not uniformly distributed across possible changepoints. False positives occur more frequently near the ends of the sequence and occur less frequently near the middle of the sequence. In this paper we describe an alternative statistic that is based upon a minimum p-value, where the minimum is taken over all possible changepoints. The p-value at any particular changepoint is based upon both the two-sample t-statistic at that changepoint and the probability that the maximum two-sample t-statistic is achieved at that changepoint. The new statistic has a more uniform distribution of Type I errors across potential changepoints and it compares favorably with respect to statistical power, false discovery rates, and the mean square error of changepoint estimates.     

Exact calculation of minimum sample size for estimating a Poisson parameter

Abstract

We develop an exact approach for the determination of the minimum sample size for estimating a Poisson parameter such that the pre-specified levels of relative precision and confidence are guaranteed. The exact computation is made possible by reducing infinitely many evaluations of coverage probability to finitely many evaluations. The theory for supporting such a reduction is that the minimum of coverage probability with respect to the parameter in an interval is attained at a discrete set of finitely many elements. Computational mechanisms have been developed to further reduce the computational complexity. An explicit bound for the minimum sample size is established.     

Minimum Variance and VOQL Chain Sampling Plans–ChSP-4(c 1, c 2)

In this article the outgoing quality and the total inspection for the chain sampling plan ChSP-4(c ₁, c ₂) are introduced as well-defined random variables. The probability distributions of outgoing quality and total inspection are stated based on total rectification of non conforming units. The variances of these random variables are studied. The aim of this article is to develop procedures for minimum variance ChSP-4(c ₁, c ₂) sampling plans and their determination. In addition to minimum variance sampling plans, a procedure is developed for designing plans with a designated maximum variance, a VOQL (Variance of Outgoing Quality Limit) plan. The VOQL concept is analogous to the AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Limit) except in the VOQL plan, it is the maximum variance which is established instead of the usual maximum AOQ.     

大学生越轨研究评析

大学生越轨倍受社会关注,已经成为大学教育的一个重要研究领域,国内外研究者对其进行了大量的研究。从大学生越轨的定义、行为表现、理论解释和经验性影响因素研究四个方面对已有的研究进行综述,并对已有研究进行简要评价,发现对大学生越轨的大量研究呈现出自己的特点和不足。