Hardiness and the relationship between stressors and outcomes

Using a sample of 468 participants, from two organizations, this study examined direct and moderating relationships between hardiness (a composite of challenge, control, and commitment), life and work stressors, and a variety of health-related outcomes. The results indicated that hardiness did not moderate the relationship between stressors and outcomes as reported by others (e.g. Kobasa 1982a). However, hardiness did have significant direct effects on emotional and psychological factors thought to be related to personal well-being and work performance. Hardy individuals reported higher levels of job satisfaction and fewer tensions at work dun did the less hardy. In general, hardy individuals experienced a higher quality of life and a more positive affect while being more energized and less negative about life. Hardy individuals also reported fewer somatic complaints and tended to be less depressed and anxious than individuals low in hardiness. In addition, hardiness was negatively related to all four measures of life and work stress implying that hardiness may not be independent of life demands.     

Scrambled randomized response methods for obtaining sensitive quantitative data

We study a multiplicative randomized response method for obtaining responses to sensitive questions when the answers are quantitative. The method involves the respondent multiplying his sensitive answer by a random number from a known distribution, and giving the product to the interviewer, who does not know the value of the random number and thus receives a scrambled response. Some particular distributions for the random scrambling number are proposed and studied, and ways of generating the scrambling numbers are discussed. Some modifications for increasing the efficiency of the method are proposed, and numerical results are given that show the scrambled response method is generally superior to the previously used method of randomizing questions.     

组织主体与结构主体的互动--对新中国成立初期现代化取向的一点思考

中国共产党与农民的互动过程决定了我国现代化的进程和方向,而制度运作和政治运动是二者互动的主要中介。因此,梳理制度建立的内在过程,对理解新中国成立初期现代化发生偏离的原因具有重要意义。     

激光场与三个两能级原子相互作用

本文研究激光场与原子相互作用时，激光场用相干态描述，原子用自旋态描述，得到了场和原子各自的动力学变化规律。本文研究激光场与三个两能级原子的相互作用。在不同的初始条件下，得到了光子数与原子状态各自随时间的变化关系。光子数很大时，量子理论结果与半径典理论结果是一致的。     

激光场与原子相互作用

本文用量子理论研究激光场与三个原子的相互作用。当初始条件为激光场中有N个光子，而三个原子都处于高能级时，得到了光子数和原子状态各自随时间的变化关系。光子数很大时，量子理论结果与半经典理论果是一致的。     

Geostochastic calculus

A stochastic calculus for a family of continuous measure-valued Markov processes is developed. Such processes arise naturally in the construction of stochastic models of spatially distributed populations. The stochastic calculus is a tool whereby a class of density-dependent models can be studied in terms of the multiplicative measure diffusion process. In this paper the stochastic integral is introduced in the space-time setting and a Cameron-Martin-Girsanov theorem is established.     

Playing with conflict: a longitudinal study of varieties of spontaneous verbal conflict during mother-child interaction at home

Although conflict is central to major developmental theories, relatively little is known about the ways in which young children and caregivers argue at home. The existing psychological research focuses narrowly on serious, ‘problem-solving’ conflicts. In contrast, this in-depth longitudinal study describes varieties of spontaneous conflict talk occurring at home between nine middle-class Caucasian American mothers and their 2- to 4-year-old children. All dyads produced conflicts with nonse-rious, imaginary and/or ritual markings for a mean of 31% (± 2.8%) of all mother-child conflicts. Overall, most mother-child marked conflicts were nonserious, but the percentage of marked conflicts that were imaginary increased with age. Mothers used marked conflicts to manage ongoing problematic interactions with their children, while children apparently introduced marked conflicts primarily during play. Available data on child-child conflicts showed that some of these conflicts also were marked and were introduced primarily during play. Implications for how varieties of conflict may contribute to social competence within the family and peer group are discussed.     

Communicative competence in 5- to 8-year-olds with mild or moderate learning difficulties and their classroom peers: referential and negotiation skills

Two studies were run to examine communicative and social aspects of the interaction between 5- to 8-year-old children with mild or moderate learning difficulties (LD) and their classroom peers for whom no such difficulties had been observed (NLD). In the first study, the children's communicative responses to a referential group task were explored, through children describing drawings to each other. In terms of the nature of information exchange, few differences were found between NLD and LD children. Differences were found in terms of the social content of language: in the listener role, LD children tended to be the recipients of more critical and directive speech. The second study, focusing on consensus forming and negotiation processes in a co-operative group task, mirrored the patterns of social aspects found in Study 1. LD children tended to be less influential in affecting the consensus and in directing the course of the task.     

乡村权力互动实证研究——以鄂西黄村为个案

随着新的《村民委员会组织法》的颁布,我国村民自治建设进入了规范化阶段,乡村之间的权力关系因此也得以确认。但现实生活中乡镇政权与村民委员会之间仍然处于一种模糊不清的交织状态。作者以鄂西黄村的实地调查来了解当前乡村权力的真实现状。     

企业市场与非市场行为的竞争互动研究——基于中国房地产行业的案例

随着企业非市场行为在竞争中越来越显著的作用,将非市场行为分析纳入传统的竞争互动的框架中,探讨其与市场行为如何在竞争过程中互动,成为企业战略管理研究的新方向。本文采用结构内容分析法,以中国典型房地产企业为例,研究企业市场与非市场竞争行为及其互动规律。文章的结论补充了传统竞争互动理论基于市场行为的单一性,为进一步研究中国转型时期企业的竞争互动提供了理论基础和实例支持。