浅谈体育课堂教学中师生的有效互动

“互动教学”是进行课堂教学的一种探索,其特点是充分体现学生为主体的教学原则;体育教学中,通过“互动教学”可达到督促学生锻炼身体,促进学生身心健康,教会学生做人、求知、生活、审美的目的．     

Mental disease postpartum and parent‐infant interaction—evaluation of videotaped sessions

In order to investigate the influence of maternal mental illness postpartum on mother‐infant and father‐infant interaction, infants of 14 mentally ill women admitted to hospital within 6 months after delivery were compared to infants of 22 women who had been somatically ill. Videotaped sessions when the infant was 10 months old revealed that mothers in the psychiatric sample showed less sensitivity in comparison to mothers in the somatic sample. When the infant was 2 years old, mothers in the psychiatric sample showed less positive affect and less link‐infant follow (stimulation dimension) as compared to the somatic mothers. However, there were no differences between fathers in the psychiatric sample and fathers in the somatic sample in any of the interaction variables. In the psychiatric sample, fathers showed more warmth as compared to mothers. In the somatic sample, fathers scored higher than mothers on autonomy but lower than mothers on link‐infant follow (stimulation dimension). A possible interpretation of our data was that the mental illness of the mothers may lead to a more active parenting role of the father in order to buffer the deficit in the mother‐infant relation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marital Conflict and Children's Emotions: The Development of an Anger Organization

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anger‐based marital conflict and the development of an anger organization in children between the ages of 4 and 8 years old. Anger organization was defined as an adversarial approach to relationships demonstrated through (a) short‐term anger expressions during social interaction and (b) aggression in relationships. Seventy‐one children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, their mothers, and their teachers participated in the study. Mothers completed questionnaires on anger‐based marital conflict and on children's aggression. Sociometric ratings of anger and aggression were obtained from peers. Teachers supplied reports of children's aggression. Children's short‐term emotional expression and the circumstances that elicited emotions were observed during peer interaction. Anger‐based marital conflict was found to be strongly associated with peer, maternal, and teacher reports of aggression, but not with reports of internalizing symptomatology. Anger‐based marital conflict was also associated with short‐term anger expressions, but not with short‐term expressions of sadness. I argue that children develop an emotional organization in which anger predominates when they are exposed to high levels of anger‐based marital conflict.     

The Role of Maternal Behavior in the Relation between Shyness and Social Reticence in Early Childhood and Social Withdrawal in Middle Childhood

The moderating effect of maternal behavior in the relations between social reticence and shyness in preschool and subsequent social withdrawal was investigated. Eighty children (47 females) were judged for degree of social reticence during play with unfamiliar peers at the age of four and mothers completed the Colorado child temperament inventory (CCTI). At the age of seven, the children were coded for degree of social withdrawal during peer play and mothers and children were observed during structured and unstructured activities. Two significant interaction effects indicated that maternal report of shyness was a positive predictor of age‐seven social withdrawal when mothers lacked positivity; whereas observed social reticence was associated with higher degrees of social withdrawal when mothers were highly negative. Maternal positivity and negativity differentially influenced the development of social withdrawal in childhood, such that maternal negativity is associated with poor social functioning in children who have an established history of social withdrawal; whereas maternal positivity is associated with better social outcome for preschoolers who are viewed as temperamentally shy.     

试论电子游戏与社会的互动

被称为第九艺术的电子游戏是一种全新的艺术形式,它是随着计算机技术、特别是多媒体技术发展而出现的高科技的产物。与其他艺术形式相比,它最大的特点是具有互动性。它是一种新的人际交流工具、一种新的媒介、一种新的大众文化和一种新的以虚拟为基础的文化平台。游戏的流行给社会带来新的问题,如青少年对游戏的痴迷,网络虚拟社会问题等。     

论文化多样性与生态维护

地球生态环境的多样性有效地维护了人类文化的多样性,人类文化多样性导致资源利用的多样化,有利于分散人类社会对地球资源的压力,实现对生态环境的维护,提高人类社会发展的可持续能力。在这样的背景下,本文提出了文化多样性与生态安全的关系,以正确认识族际文化辐合趋同对生态安全的负面作用,探讨族际互动的调适机制,以便从中找到优化利用地球资源的可持续模式,实现人类的生态安全。     

儿童从同伴相互作用中获得知识研究的新进展--Granott的相互作用模型述评

Granott(1993)提出了一个有关通过同伴相互作用获得知识的综合模型.有关认知变化的广泛的相互作用形式在这个模型都有所反映,例如,皮亚杰的观点,维果斯基的观点,以及班杜拉的观点这个模型含有两个维度,一个是同伴协同的程度,另一个是知识和技能的相对差异的程度.     

论民族文化互动的特点及本质

民族间的文化互动无时不在,然而对文化互动的特点及本质的认识经历了一个历史过程。本文从文化运作的实质出发,分析了文化互动的特点,提出了文化互动的耦合运作的观点。进而对丈化互动的本质进行探讨,认为文化互动是一个对等的持续过程,是一个从无序到有序的不断调适过程,是民族间相互吸收相互借鉴的过程,
从而形成了“你中有我,我中有你”的人类不可孤立存在的局面。     

Practical Maximum Pseudolikelihood for Spatial Point Patterns(with Discussion)

This paper describes a technique for computing approximate maximum pseudolikelihood estimates of the parameters of a spatial point process. The method is an extension of Berman & Turner's (1992) device for maximizing the likelihoods of inhomogeneous spatial Poisson processes. For a very wide class of spatial point process models the likelihood is intractable, while the pseudolikelihood is known explicitly, except for the computation of an integral over the sampling region. Approximation of this integral by a finite sum in a special way yields an approximate pseudolikelihood which is formally equivalent to the (weighted) likelihood of a loglinear model with Poisson responses. This can be maximized using standard statistical software for generalized linear or additive models, provided the conditional intensity of the process takes an 'exponential family' form. Using this approach a wide variety of spatial point process models of Gibbs type can be fitted rapidly, incorporating spatial trends, interaction between points, dependence on spatial covariates, and mark information.     

论戏剧与科技的互动

艺术与科技有着天然的渊源关系。在艺术家族里 ,从科技的发展中受惠最多的可谓戏剧 ,它在科技引导与催促下的发展是艺术与技术互动的典型样式。因此 ,从戏剧发展的历史上 ,可以透视科技发展的轨迹。但戏剧并非单方面地受惠 ,科技的进步 ,物质世界的丰富与创新 ,戏剧艺术也发挥了独特作用。随着网络科技的发展 ,不仅使戏剧观众与戏剧创造者形成了新的互动关系 ,而且 ,使一种并非将舞台戏剧搬上网络的网络戏剧的诞生成为可能。在未来社会发展中 ,戏剧艺术与科学技术的互动与联姻 ,将使二者都获得无限的生命力