A Unified Way to Represent and Compute the Cumulative Distribution Function for Noncentral t,F, and χ2

This short article shows an unified approach to representing and computing the cumulative distribution function for noncentral t, F, and χ². Unlike the existing algorithms, which involve different expansion and/or recurrence, the new approach consistently represents all the three noncentral cumulative distribution functions as the integral of the normal cumulative distribution function and χ² density function.     

How to Make the Law Work? Budgetary Implications of Domestic Violence Laws in Latin America,Central America,and the Caribbean

SUMMARY

This study focuses on budgetary implications of domestic violence (DV) laws in the Latin American, Central American, and Caribbean (LAC) region. It is based on a survey of literature and data on DV legislation, literature reviews on the social and economic costs of DV, and an analysis of policies on DV in the region based on a survey of nonprofits working on DV in the region. The study shows DV is not being mainstreamed into ministerial budget line items as would be expected following the passage of law. There is clearly a difference between what is ratified in laws and the implementation of activities that follows those decisions. Funding for DV programs is insufficient to reach the entire target population and address the magnitude of the problem. Even after laws were passed, major sources of funding for DV services have continued to be discretionary funds from the ministries' budgets and international donor funds.     

Competing for the diaspora's influence at home: party structure and transnational campaign activity in El Salvador

ABSTRACT

How do parties in migrant-sending countries engage with the diaspora? Migrants exercise an increasingly important voice in electoral politics in their home countries, though they often either cannot legally vote or vote in very low numbers, yet parties attempt to leverage the influence they believe migrants have over voters at home. However the degree and manner by which parties reach out to diaspora citizens varies widely. A case study of El Salvador points to party organisation as a determinant of variation among parties in diaspora campaigning, based on interviews with Salvadoran party elites in the U.S. and El Salvador, party documents, and historical comparison of campaign activities of El Salvador's two major parties, ARENA and FMLN, over three presidential elections and one mayoral election. FMLN, with a hierarchical model and base committee structure, more effectively mobilizes diaspora support while ARENA, with a horizontal model and sectoral structure, exhibits difficulties in party-diaspora coordination and largely makes indirect and symbolic references to diaspora issues.     

晚唐五代敦煌寺院与中原田庄比较研究

晚唐五代时期敦煌处于吐蕃和归义军的统治, 此时的寺院模式与中原历代形成的田庄极为相似。通过二者在阶级构成、经济生产、社会关系等方面的比较, 可得出结论: 此时之敦煌寺院为不完全之田庄。     

略论青海与中亚国家的贸易关系

中亚国家独立不久,青海与中亚国家的贸易关系就已展开,然而,至今双方之间的贸易关系仍然在低水平徘徊。分析青海与中亚国家发展贸易的条件,进而积极寻求拓展二者之间贸易关系的对策具有重要意义。     

英俄角逐中亚与1873年英俄协定

本文以19世纪前期的中亚为背景,勾勒了该时期英俄争夺中亚,并达成1873年英俄协定的历史概貌,以便使我们对英俄进行殖民掠夺的本性有一个全新的认识.     

中央政府支持边远地区的经济项目在立项设计、效益评估方面所涉及到的各种因素

本文从建国后中央政府支持的边远地区经济项目的得与失出发,阐述了这些项目设计立项时应当考虑的各种因素及效益评估办法。     

怛逻斯城与唐代丝绸之路

哈萨克斯坦塔拉兹市地处丝绸之路要冲,古称“怛逻斯”。公元5世纪,粟特人建怛逻斯城,后来成为西突厥领地。唐朝称霸中亚后,在西域所设最远的羁縻州就在怛逻斯城,后为突骑施可汗占据。8世纪,突骑施的兴起,客观上为唐朝在西方建立了一道军事屏障,对遏止阿拉伯帝国东侵至关重要。然而,唐高宗却自毁长城,多次向突骑施汗国发动战争,导致安西四镇不得不直接面对来自黑衣大食的军事威胁。751年的怛逻斯之役,四镇节度使高仙芝兵败大食。对古代中国来说,怛逻斯河简直是一道不可逾越的鸿沟,可谓汉唐王朝国力向西发展的极点。     

在社会主义政治文明建设中坚持和完善民族区域自治制度

民族区域自治制度,是我国的一项基本政治制度,是发展社会主义民主、建设社会主义政治文明的重要内容。坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,必须牢固树立科学发展观,推进民族地区经济、社会全面、协调和可持续发展。