Hypothesis Testing Problems in an Unbalanced Longitudinal Ophthalmology Study

ABSTRACT

The analysis of clustered data in a longitudinal ophthalmology study is complicated by correlations between repeatedly measured visual outcomes of paired eyes in a participant and missing observations due to the loss of follow-up. In the present article we consider hypothesis testing problems in an ophthalmology study, where eligible eyes are randomized to two treatments (when two eyes of a participant are eligible, the paired eyes are assigned to different treatments), and vision function outcomes are repeatedly measured over time. A large sample-based nonparametric test statistic and a nonparametric Bootstrap test analog are proposed for testing an interaction effect of two factors and testing an effect of a eye-specific factor within a level of the other person-specific factor on visual function outcomes. Both test statistics allow for missing observations, correlations between repeatedly measured outcomes on individual eyes, and correlations between repeatedly measured outcomes on both eyes of each participant. A simulation study shows that these proposed test statistics maintain nominal significance levels approximately and comparable powers to each other, as well as higher powers than the naive test statistic ignoring correlations between repeated bilateral measurements of both eyes in the same person. For illustration, we apply the proposed test statistics to the changes of visual field defect score in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study.     

Powers of Discrete Goodness-of-Fit Test Statistics for a Uniform Null Against a Selection of Alternative Distributions

The comparative powers of six discrete goodness-of-fit test statistics for a uniform null distribution against a variety of fully specified alternative distributions are discussed. The results suggest that the test statistics based on the empirical distribution function for ordinal data (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises, and Anderson–Darling) are generally more powerful for trend alternative distributions. The test statistics for nominal (Pearson's chi-square and the nominal Kolmogorov–Smirnov) and circular data (Watson's test statistic) are shown to be generally more powerful for the investigated triangular (∨), flat (or platykurtic type), sharp (or leptokurtic type), and bimodal alternative distributions.     

确定抽油杆疲劳断裂常数的一种实用统计方法

针对疲劳裂纹扩展性能的统计性质，提出了一种确定抽油杆疾劳断裂材料常数的实用方法，该方法确定出的常数位与存活率相对应，与其它方法的结论基本一致。对抽油杆疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的分布和常数c与m之问的关系作了初步脸证。     

Some robustness issues for comparing multiple logistic regression slopes to a control for small samples

For comparing several logistic regression slopes to that of a control for small sample sizes, Dasgupta et al. (2001) proposed an "asymptotic" small-sample test and a "pivoted" version of that test statistic. Their results show both methods perform well in terms of Type I error control and marginal power when the response is related to the explanatory variable via a logistic regression model. This study finds, via Monte Carlo simulations, that when the underlying relationship is probit, complementary log-log, linear, or even non-monotonic, the "asymptotic" and the "pivoted" small-sample methods perform fairly well in terms of Type I error control and marginal power. Unlike their large sample competitors, they are generally robust to departures from the logistic regression model.     

光绪末年司法统计中的女性犯罪

清朝末年,女性犯罪统计受到了一定的重视,展现了这一时期女性法律地位的变化及社会变迁带给女性的影响。法部第二次统计中,女性犯罪的人数、类别均具有了一定的规模。刑罚以笞杖为主,多数刑罚可以收赎,特别是通过秋朝审等形式,女性犯罪可以得到相应的援免,真正入监的女犯并不多。     

少数民族地区教育投入的统计研究

在现有条件下,以应用经济统计学和教育经济学为指导,对少数民族相对集中一些典型地区的教育投入与效益作可行性分析,为学校和政府的教育经费投入提供合理化建议和可操作的方法,为我国同类型、同层次民族地区提供教育经费统计和分析模型,具有十分重要的意义.完成这一任务,需要把握一系列切实可行的方法和步骤,对有代表性的方面作出突破.     

An Introduction to Second-Generation p-Values

ABSTRACT

Second generation p-values preserve the simplicity that has made p-values popular while resolving critical flaws that promote misinterpretation of data, distraction by trivial effects, and unreproducible assessments of data. The second-generation p-value (SGPV) is an extension that formally accounts for scientific relevance by using a composite null hypothesis that captures null and scientifically trivial effects. Because the majority of spurious findings are small effects that are technically nonnull but practically indistinguishable from the null, the second-generation approach greatly reduces the likelihood of a false discovery. SGPVs promote transparency, rigor and reproducibility of scientific results by a priori identifying which candidate hypotheses are practically meaningful and by providing a more reliable statistical summary of when the data are compatible with the candidate hypotheses or null hypotheses, or when the data are inconclusive. We illustrate the importance of these advances using a dataset of 247,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, i.e., genetic markers that are potentially associated with prostate cancer.     

太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）2006～2010年载文及被引分析

以中国知网（CNKI）中国学术文献网络出版总库为主要统计源,对太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）2006-2010年五年内发表的学术论文,从发文总量、论文被引频次、下载频次、基金项目、被引频次分布、栏目分布、作者单位等方面进行统计分析,以期客观反映本刊的论文产出情况及学术影响力,并为该刊的管理和质量的提高,以及发展提供参考和依据。     

2001-2005年《阴山学刊》的统计分析

从对2001—2005年《阴山学刊》载文量、栏目分布、作者等相关信息的统计分析表明,五年来《阴山学刊》仍保持了较高的学术水准和鲜明的办刊特色,扩大了在国内学术界的知名度,加大了吸纳区外作者论文的力度,成为学院与国内专家学者进行学术交流的平台。