Social assistance in China and Sweden: how policy intentions are translated into local practices

This article compares social assistance policies in China and Sweden, with a special focus on the means of translating policy intentions into local practices. Unlike China, Sweden has laws regulating social assistance, which is intended to ensure a ‘reasonable standard of living’. Though considered a legal right, assistance is Sweden is means-tested. While social assistance claims are dealt with by the welfare bureaucracy in Sweden, in China the process of application involves the input of cadres, administrative officials from different levels of government, and neighbours. The challenges facing Sweden are to find ways to cope with long-term social assistance and to help recipients find work. The challenges facing China are to establish a social assistance law and standardized management procedures, and to incorporate the resources of social work.     

浅析“ICESCR”第2.1款“可获得最大化资源”的内涵

现今社会越来越多的人意识到,为推进人权目标的进一步实现,如何界定可获得的资源变得尤为重要,为此,国际社会各界也进行了激烈的讨论.在界定“可获得最大化资源”的定义时,很多人将其限定在经济领域,此种理解存在不足.虽然在实现人权的过程中金融资金和财政等资源是必不可少的,但一国所拥有的自然、教育以及公权力等资源也是推进人权目标实现所必需的,因此,对于可获得资源的多元化理解能够帮助一国更好地实现人权目标.     

党报发行中的信息落地问题及其效果优化

党报要很好地影响群众、服务群众，除了内容之外，发行当是重要环节。发行错位、渠道不畅是制约党报发展的关键所在。须从发行入手来解决党报的信息落地问题。为确保良好的落地效果，在强化行政发行力度稳定纸质党报发行这一主渠道的同时，还应积极开辟辅渠道，包括广泛建立公众阅报栏、免费党报进农家书屋、免费开放数字党报，把政策法规性强的新闻信息编辑成书以延长使用寿命等。     

A Realistic Path to Implementing China’s Budget Law

The core issue for the implementation of modern budget law is to optimize the satisfaction of society’s demand for public goods. The form of implementation mechanism that will best achieve this goal has thus become a major topic in the field of legal research. To go beyond the Anglo-Saxon budget model and construct a realistic path for the implementation of China’s budget law, this issue needs to be explored from the perspective of Chinese citizens in a way that safeguards the fundamental interests of the people and is premised on upholding and improving the People’s Congress system, so as to achieve a balance between internal and external budget allocation relationships. There are three routes to implementing China’s budget law: the political, the social, and the judicial. Under the first, citizens’ political identity interests are represented by deputies who oversee the budgetary powers of administrative bodies through the People’s Congress. Under the second, citizens individually or collectively participate, influence or even decide the allocation of public economic resources through dialogue, negotiation, reasoning and argument with the responsible budgetary agency in the course of the budget’s compilation, examination and approval, execution and supervision. Under the third, the establishment of a system for budgetary litigation allows citizens to participate in and supervise the implementation of the budget law, individually or collectively. This provides judicial security for the law’s implementation. These three realistic implementation routes represent the dialectical unity of concerted institutional effort aimed directly at effective implementation of budget law. Judicial interpretations of budget law implementation indicate the importance and urgency of promoting national governance capacity through reform of the legal systems governing finance and taxation. This explains the significant role of finance and taxation law in national governance.     

Computer Diffusion and Worker Empowerment

Abstract

Much anecdotal material describes various human impacts of computer adoption within the social work profession, however, there is scant research which confirms or challenges these assumptions. This article describes a study which investigates the diffusion of computers into the social work profession in terms of empowerment as an individual outcome for workers. A questionnaire returned by 520 social workers provided data on organizational computer diffusion, organizational centralization, and the Social Worker Empowerment Scale. Workers in organizations where computer diffusion was more advanced, and those in more decentralized decisionmaking environments were found to be more empowered.     

本科教学工作水平评估政策在院校层次的执行

对本科教学工作水平评估政策的发展进行了梳理，以部委所属某高校为例，探究该项政策执行过程中的某些实际情况。从该院校层面入手，以院校政策执行的时间为脉络，描述了本科教学评估政策在执行过程中的实际情况，对评估准备工作、评估指标的分解、评估材料的准备、教职工的任务分配以及整改六个阶段的问题进行了分析。     

Implementation of a Federated Search System: Resource Accessibility Issues

Abstract

During 2009, the Hilton M. Briggs Library, South Dakota State University, went live with MetaLib, a federated search engine from Ex Libris. This paper presents the implementation process, addresses resource accessibility issues, and suggests a number of resources that can be consulted about these issues. Readers can apply similar strategies to projects involving federated search systems, as many implementation projects involve the same basic considerations presented here. The author did not find any studies specifically focused on configurations of MetaLib resources, so this content should be singularly useful.     

Locally optimal designs for the simple death process

We demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of optimal observation schedules for discrete observation of the simple death process. Optimality is framed in the sense of observing the process at times that maximise the Fisher information for the death rate. We examine the relationship of our designs with those obtained by other authors for the simple birth process. A number of interesting properties are uncovered. Practical considerations in the application of these designs in an experimental setting are investigated, and we examine the performance of some approximately optimal designs that are usually simpler to implement. We will show that our optimal designs are highly robust to mis-specification of the death rate.     

随机过程的概念解析

通过分析Bernoulli试验对应的随机变量序列,给出随机过程的直观定义导致的矛盾.借助测度论的基本概念系统,解析随机过程的数学定义,给出随机过程样本函数与随机过程实现的概念一致性.     

Time Series Models for Count or Qualitative Observations

Time series sometimes consist of count data in which the number of events occurring in a given time interval is recorded. Such data are necessarily nonnegative integers, and an assumption of a Poisson or negative binomial distribution is often appropriate. This article sets ups a model in which the level of the process generating the observations changes over time. A recursion analogous to the Kalman filter is used to construct the likelihood function and to make predictions of future observations. Qualitative variables, based on a binomial or multinomial distribution, may be handled in a similar way. The model for count data may be extended to include explanatory variables. This enables nonstochastic slope and seasonal components to be included in the model, as well as permitting intervention analysis. The techniques are illustrated with a number of applications, and an attempt is made to develop a model-selection strategy along the lines of that used for Gaussian structural time series models. The applications include an analysis of the results of international football matches played between England and Scotland and an assessment of the effect of the British seat-belt law on the drivers of light-goods vehicles.