试论公文写作的“直述不曲”

“直述不曲”是公文写作的核心要求,是公文写作在表达上区别于文学创作的一个重要标尺。要做到公文写作的“直述不曲”,就要在公文的开头部分明确揭示发文的目的和依据,并在主体部分明确揭示公文的观点和主张,还要善于使用恰当的表达方式,注意使用质朴无华的语言。     

埃及与新中国建交始末

新中国重视发展与阿拉伯国家的友好合作关系。埃及爆发“七月革命”后,纳赛尔上台执政。纳赛尔领导的埃及捍卫国家主权,维护民族利益,与西方大国矛盾日益尖锐。1955年召开的万隆会议加深了埃及对新中国的了解,并推动了两国关系的发展。经过多方努力,埃及与新中国终于建立了外交关系。     

用直接法识别结构系统的支承刚度

本文提出了一种识别结构系统支承刚度的新方法——直接法,这种方法是建立在广义逆矩阵的理论及计算方法基础之上的。通过大量的计算机仿真计算,证明该法不失为一种计算简便、结果稳定且精度高的识别支承刚度的有效方法。直接法的实用性亦由实验得到了验证。     

浅析剥削的内涵与基本形式

本文在分析了人们关于剥削本质的片面理解的基础上 ,通过对马克思主义经典论述的分析 ,利用马克思主义的基本观点和方法 ,抽象概括了剥削的本质 ,即剥削就是通过超经济的或经济的单向度的强制支配力占有他人无偿劳动或强占他人劳动成果的行为 ;根据这一对剥削本质的内涵界定 ,分别从不同的视角分析了剥削的基本形式。     

论二战后土耳其中东政策的演变

二战结束以来,中东局势多变且冲突频仍,在综合考量国内外影响因素与制约力的基础上,土耳其政府在力所能及的范围内,对其中东政策不断进行调整,并形成了"追随美国"、"亲阿疏以"、"阿以平衡"三个演变阶段,最大限度地维护和实现了国家核心利益。土耳其政府执行的灵活中东政策,为处在大国夹缝中的中小国家如何执行国家利益最大化的外交政策提供了有益借鉴。     

Investment, resolution of risk, and the role of affect

This experimental study is concerned with the impact of the timing of the resolution of risk on investment behavior, with a special focus on the role of affect. In a between-subjects design, we observe the impact of a substantial delay of risk resolution (2 days) on investment choices. Besides the resolution timing all other factors, including the timing of payout, are held constant across treatments. In addition, state-of-the-art experimental techniques from experimental economics and psychology are used for eliciting preferences and to explicitly measure emotions and personality traits. Participants put their own money at stake. Our main finding is that the timing of the resolution of risk matters for investment, modulated by the probability of investment success. Emotions are found to play a significant role in this respect and explain our main finding. Our results support recent models of decision making under risk trying to incorporate anticipatory emotions but also uncover some important shortcomings related to the dynamics of emotions.     

Cute Masquerade and the Pimping of Japan

This essay will consider gendered aspects of Cool Japan ideology as found in government‐sponsored texts and imagery, as well as in other international arenas. Although scholars have recently offered critiques of Cool Japan as a form of nationalistic nation branding, uses of an objectified femininity have rarely been included in these analyses. By displacing female innovations and creativity in cultural production to the margins, Cool Japan reifies and officially promotes male geek culture. We find general dematerialization of the producers of Cool Japan ideology, which in turn becomes characterized as creative, quirky, edgy, and benign, thus masking the way Cool Japan has been produced, critiqued, imagined and endorsed primarily by male elites in Japan and internationally. This discussion suggests that Cool Japan's otaku ethos does not include women and girls who fail to conform to a narrow model of cute femininity, thus maintaining and promoting structures of gender stratification. In addition, the global spread and government exploitation of uncomplicated cuteness (kawaii) often confounds a flat understanding of the aesthetic with a gendered perspective and its expressions in girl culture. Women and girls are contained in Cool Japan ideology, and are not usually represented as shaping, resisting, creating or critiquing Japanese popular culture.     

中阿经贸合作的动力分析与路径选择

从1956年中国与埃及建交到1990年中国与沙特建交,中国与所有阿拉伯国家建立并保持了良好的外交关系。经过50多年共同努力,中阿经贸合作已进入全方位、多领域的全面合作阶段。双边贸易、工程承包、劳务合作、双向投资、人员培训等领域合作都取得积极进展。经贸关系的迅猛发展,带动文化、教育、体育和卫生等各领域交流与合作蓬勃发展。中国已同所有阿拉伯国家签订《文化合作协定》,“汉语热”持续升温。但中阿经贸关系依然需要创新求进,不断拓展深化,同时必须注意前瞻调研和及时应对,努力规避因中东形势动荡冲击而形成的各类风险。     

Contract Structure,Risk‐Sharing,and Investment Choice

Few microfinance‐funded businesses grow beyond subsistence entrepreneurship. This paper considers one possible explanation: that the structure of existing microfinance contracts may discourage risky but high‐expected‐return investments. To explore this possibility, I develop a theory that unifies models of investment choice, informal risk‐sharing, and formal financial contracts. I then test the predictions of this theory using a series of experiments with clients of a large microfinance institution in India. The experiments confirm the theoretical predictions that joint liability creates two potential inefficiencies. First, borrowers free‐ride on their partners, making risky investments without compensating partners for this risk. Second, the addition of peer‐monitoring overcompensates, leading to sharp reductions in risk‐taking and profitability. Equity‐like financing, in which partners share both the benefits and risks of more profitable projects, overcomes both of these inefficiencies and merits further testing in the field.     

Licensing and Training Requirements for Direct Care Workers in Japan

Abstract

Shortages of direct care workers have been of concern both in the United States and in Japan. This article compares issues surrounding long-term care provisions in the two countries and introduces Japan's unique licensure and certificate system for direct care workers. Japan has established three levels of direct care worker certificates and a direct care licensure, which can be potentially used as a career ladder. Studies show that this system has resulted in different work conditions and benefits between different certificate and licensure levels but had a limited impact on hourly wage and task differentiation. Implications for the United States are also discussed.