Multiple Comparison Procedures: The Practical Solution

A practicing statistician looks at the multiple comparison controversy and related issues through the eyes of the users. The concept of consistency is introduced and discussed in relation to five of the more common multiple comparison procedures. All of the procedures are found to be inconsistent except the simplest procedure, the unrestricted least significant difference (LSD) procedure (or multiple t test). For this and other reasons the unrestricted LSD procedure is recommended for general use, with the proviso that it should be viewed as a hypothesis generator rather than as a method for simultaneous hypothesis generation and testing. The implications for Scheffé's test for general contrasts are also discussed, and a new recommendation is made.     

Powers of Discrete Goodness-of-Fit Test Statistics for a Uniform Null Against a Selection of Alternative Distributions

The comparative powers of six discrete goodness-of-fit test statistics for a uniform null distribution against a variety of fully specified alternative distributions are discussed. The results suggest that the test statistics based on the empirical distribution function for ordinal data (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises, and Anderson–Darling) are generally more powerful for trend alternative distributions. The test statistics for nominal (Pearson's chi-square and the nominal Kolmogorov–Smirnov) and circular data (Watson's test statistic) are shown to be generally more powerful for the investigated triangular (∨), flat (or platykurtic type), sharp (or leptokurtic type), and bimodal alternative distributions.     

A Revisit to the Behrens–Fisher Problem: Comparison of Five Test Methods

We revisit the well-known Behrens–Fisher problem and apply a newly developed ‘Computational Approach Test’ (CAT) to test the equality of two population means where the populations are assumed to be normal with unknown and possibly unequal variances. An advantage of the CAT is that it does not require the explicit knowledge of the sampling distribution of the test statistic. The CAT is then compared with three widely accepted tests—Welch–Satterthwaite test (WST), Cochran–Cox test (CCT), ‘Generalized p-value’ test (GPT)—and a recently suggested test based on the jackknife procedure, called Singh–Saxena–Srivastava test (SSST). Further, model robustness of these five tests are studied when the data actually came from t-distributions, but wrongly perceived as normal ones. Our detailed study based on a comprehensive simulation indicate some interesting results including the facts that the GPT is quite conservative, and the SSST is not as good as it has been claimed in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, the trends observed in our study have not been reported earlier in the existing literature.     

Testing the Equality of the Noncentrality Parameters of Two Noncentral t-Distributions with Identical Degrees of Freedom

The problem of testing the equality of the noncentrality parameters of two noncentral t-distributions with identical degrees of freedom is considered, which arises from the comparison of two signal-to-noise ratios for simple linear regression models. A test procedure is derived that is guaranteed to maintain Type I error while having only minimal amounts of conservativeness, and comparisons are made with several other approaches to this problem based on variance stabilizing transformations. The new procedure derived in this article is shown to have good properties and will be useful for practitioners.     

义和团首领的戏衣

早期义和团的首领多为流民、出家人、巫师和江湖艺人,这些人本身有表演潜质或程度不等地受到过表演训练,具有在公共空间施展表演才能的本领,其中很多首领为戏迷。戏衣具有划分行当的角色定位和身份归属意味,流播于社会则兼具象征性和符号性社会功能,还有公共空间内特殊的仪式性功用,尤其是武戏的戏衣,对以尚武为天职的团民及其领袖来说,无疑是超凡武力的寄托物。义和团的法衣、旗帜同样具有模仿戏曲旗号、服饰的倾向。武戏戏衣对义和团民众的尚武行为及其首领的权力幻想产生过影响力。     

体育强国视域下体育治理的问题与出路

体育治理是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要内容,直接关乎国家治理的时代进程。近年来,国家层面相继提出“体育强国”“健康中国”战略,如何通过有效的体育治理来实现体育强国战略,是推动我国体育事业改革的重要课题。目前我国体育治理目标定位与现实社会环境之间还存在偏差,体育治理组织形态在一定程度上也影响体育政策的执行,同时体育治理利益多元博弈对体育治理方式提出挑战。体育治理必须以满足人民群众的体育文化生活需求为根本导向,从治理理念、治理主体、治理结构、治理方式等层面进行深度改革,助力体育强国的实现。     

A PLAGUE ON THE PANOPTICON: Surveillance and power in the global information economy

With technological advances in data-manipulation, the increased 'informability' of our daily lives and the potential for social management, surveillance has become a key site for understanding the workings of power within the global informational economy. Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon has, courtesy of Foucault, become a dominant metaphor in surveillance studies. This central eye, aimed at the moral reform of institutionalized bodies and operating through a de facto closure of individual agency, tends to limit our conception of the complex ways surveillance serves and disrupts power. Through analysis of commercial and workplace surveillance, this paper shows that power is contested and agency never completely closed down. To comprehend this negotiated relationship, an alternative framework - 'plague management' - is presented. This envisions surveillance within a social setting operated by multiple agents who themselves are open to the gaze of those surveyed. The aim of this project is to categorize rather than to reform and cure, and moreover space is available for resistance. On the global scale, new technologies have opened up space for informal, local surveillances to be effectively linked to media and Internet audiences. These 'surveillance networks', informal alliances of a variety of actors, have the potential to radically alter orthodox relations of power by evading the information controls of the state and connecting a local gaze with the global community. This paper concludes that although surveillance studies has rightly been concerned with the control capacities of IT, a balance must be actively sought with the facilitative, enabling and even democratic impulses nascent in the new technology.     

A Goodness-of-fit Test for Exponentiality Based on the Memoryless Property

In this investigation a test of goodness of fit for exponentiality is proposed. This procedure applies equally whether the scale and/or the location parameters of the distribution are known or not. The limiting null and non-null distributions of the test statistic are normal under minimal conditions. Monte Carlo critical values for small sample sizes are given and the power of the test is calculated for various alternatives showing that it compares favourably relatively to other more complicated published procedures.     

苏联社会主义失败的根源何在?

苏联社会主义失败的根源在于政治体制问题。苏共过分重视民主的实际内容而忽视了民主的程序和形式。实践证明,没有程序和形式保障的民主发生了异化,背离了其初衷,民众的利益不可避免地受到了国家的侵犯。苏共始终作为人民的代理人管理着国家的一切,干部由党的组织部门挑选和层层任命,人民既无权选举他们,也无权监督他们,导致人民与政权长期分离。在没有民众的监督与制约下,苏共无法抵制权力的腐蚀作用,蜕变成为自身谋利益的党,干部特权制和权力私有化现象严重。苏共的执政理念也存在偏差,强国目标始终高于富民,对传统社会主义观念的忠诚始终强于对民众利益的忠诚。正因为人民无权对国家的发展施加影响,所以他们也不珍惜这样的国家,最后冷漠地注视着苏共失去政权,国家走向解体。     

企业提高职工劳动报酬的内生动力研究——基于社会成本-收益框架下的讨论

企业职工劳动报酬过低是导致社会风险累积性成本增高的重要因素。企业主动承担起提高职工劳动报酬的社会责任,不仅是必要的,而且是可行的,符合企业和社会整体的长期利益。企业提高职工劳动报酬内生动力的发挥面临着集体行动的困境和市场化收益回报路径受阻两大障碍。因此,需要完善企业职工劳动报酬增长的评价制度、信息公开制度、选择性激励制度、组建地区性行业工会组织来构建基于企业内生动力的劳动报酬增长机制。