中国国家软实力研究述评

约瑟夫·奈提出的软实力理论,丰富了国家综合实力的内涵,引起国内外理论界和决策部门的高度重视.国家软实力问题已成为近年来国内外研究的热点.国内学者在全球化、信息化和本土化的语境下,借鉴国外相关研究成果,主要探讨了国家软实力的概念、构成要素、文化软实力、区域软实力及其建设路径等重大理论和现实问题,实现了对约瑟夫·奈软实力理论的"中国化",增强了软实力理论对中国综合国力研究的解释力,对进一步促进我国软实力建设具有重要理论价值.全面提升我国软实力水平,应将文化软实力和区域软实力纳入国家软实力建设的总体框架之内,理性分析我国软实力建设的优势与约束条件,统筹国内外软实力建设,努力实现国家软实力与硬实力的协调发展.     

权利与权力的关系——从斯宾诺莎、边沁到霍菲尔德

在西方思想史中,对于权利和权力关系进行一般性讨论的思想家主要是斯宾诺莎、边沁和霍菲尔德。斯宾诺莎以自然状态作为两者关系的前提,而边沁、霍菲尔德则以法律状态为作为两者关系的前提。在不同前提下,有关两者关系的观点产生了严重分歧,这种分歧目前仍存在于社会哲学、法哲学和政治学当中。与此同时,在道德状态下,两者关系如何却很少被讨论到。在研究两者关系从自然状态过渡到法律状态的过程中,道德状态环节发生了缺失。     

回归欧亚大陆——中国大战略转型

文明是地缘的产物,东西方文明观念根深蒂固的差异源于地理因素。数千年华夏文明始终作为一种整体性力量而存在,文明力量是中国的战略优势之一;过去200年,中国成功地消化了西方文明的冲击,伴随着美国衰落,中国海上进取的门户洞开,固有的国家战略也开始复活;中国应继续保持战略克制,与美协作,实施大战略回归,而西部战略通道的开拓将缔造全新的欧亚世纪。     

村民自治：农村基层权力合法性基础的合理调整

任何政治权力系统都必须建立在权力合法性基础之上 ,方可得以稳定和巩固。我国国家行政权力合法性的本质是权力来源于对人民利益的实现能力和程度。我国农村基层权力合法性基础经历了稳定、危机显现、合理调整的发展历程。     

Assessing and Improving the Performance of Nearly Efficient Unit Root Tests in Small Samples

Abstract

The development of unit root tests continues unabated, with many recent contributions using techniques such as generalized least squares (GLS) detrending and recursive detrending to improve the power of the test. In this article, the relation between the seemingly disparate tests is demonstrated by algebraically nesting all of them as ratios of quadratic forms in normal variables. By doing so, and using the exact sampling distribution of the ratio, it is straightforward to compute, examine, and compare the test' critical values and power functions. It is shown that use of GLS detrending parameters other than those recommended in the literature can lead to substantial power improvements. The open and important question regarding the nature of the first observation is addressed. Tests with high power are proposed irrespective of the distribution of the initial observation, which should be of great use in practical applications.     

Probability density function of quotient of order statistics from the pareto,power and weibull distributions

This paper deals with the probability density functions of quotient of order statistics. We use the Mellin transform technique, to find the distribution of the quotient Z= X/Xwhere X.,X(i < j) are the ith and jth order statistics from the Pareto, Power and Weibull distributions     

An approximation for the hotelling-lawley trace in the noncentral case

A procedure for estimating power in conjunction with the Hotelling-Lawley trace is developed. By approximating a non-central Wishart distribution with a central Wishart, and using McKeon's (1974) F-type approximation, a relatively simple procedure for obtaining power estimates is obtained. The accuracy of the approximation is investigated by comparing the approximate results with those for a wide range of conditions given in Olson's (1973) extensive Monte Carlo study. Siotani's (1971) asymptotic expansion is used to provide further comparative assessments. It is demonstrated that the approximation is of sufficient accuracy to be used in practical applications.     

A computational investigation of conover's kolmogorov-smirnov test for discrete distributions

The tabled significance values of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic determined for continuous underlying distributions are conservative for applications involving discrete underlying distributions. Conover (1972) proposed an efficient method for computing the exact significance level of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for discrete distributions; however, he warned against its use for large sample sizes because “the calculations become too difficult.”

In this work we explore the relationship between sample size and the computational effectiveness of Conover's formulas, where “computational effectiveness” is taken to mean the accuracy attained with a fixed precision of machine arithmetic. The nature of the difficulties in calculations is pointed out. It is indicated that, despite these difficulties, Conover's method of computing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov significance level for discrete distributions can still be a useful tool for a wide range of sample sizes.     

On the use of the scholz-sievers method for dlstribution-free inference about the difference in slopes of two regression lines

A simple adaptation of a distribution-free method due to Scholz (1978) and Sievers (1978) for inference in a single regression setting is proposed for inference about the difference in slopes of two regression lines. We assume that the data are obtained from a designed experiment with common regression constants. A comparison of the proposed method to its competitors-one due to Hollander and the other due to Rao and Gore-indicates superiority of the new method.     

Locating “youth voice:” Considering the contexts of speaking in foster care

Within social services, an increasingly significant movement supports giving “voice” to children and youth, enabling them to express their views and to have those views taken into account in matters that affect them. In this article, the author draws from narratives of young people who grew up in foster care, examining stories of their efforts to impact the course of their own lives. The article explores the ways that very specific contexts and relationships of power shaped the utterances of young people in the foster care system and distorted, muted, or amplified their abilities to express their need and interests. This is a beginning attempt to identify ways that contexts of speaking in foster care can be understood and altered in order to strengthen the capacity of young people to voice their concerns and aspirations.