沙特阿拉伯石油经济民族主义缘起的理论分析

沙特石油经济民族主义是民族主义的一种具体表现形式。20世纪50年代以来,沙特依靠国家政权的力量,通过立法和国有化措施,逐步推进石油经济民族主义;80年代石油民族主义最终取得成功,石油权益也最终实现国有化。同时,石油经济民族主义的成功,又使得国家通过对外合资合营和重视科研教育以及鼓励私人经济的发展,整合了国内生产力,实现了社会生产力的综合进步。援用李斯特的经济民族主义理论,从国家和生产力的角度来论述沙特石油经济民族主义,更能够加深我们对此问题的认识。     

第二大股东持股的治理效应——基于上市公司的实证分析

本文以763家上市公司2003年的横截面数据为样本,通过考察公司绩效与第二大股东持股之间的经验关系,考察了第二大股东持股的治理功能。通过结合上市公司数据建立一个多元模型,来说明第二大股东是如何监督第一大股东,影响公司价值的。研究发现,我国并不存在有效的股权制衡机制,第二大股东的存在没有显示出积极的治理激励功能,没有反映出第二大股东对第一大股东的监督激励作用。在我国目前的制度背景下,相对控股是一种最佳的平衡状态。     

Bargaining within the Supply Chain and Its Implications in an Industry

Our main objective is to investigate the influence of the bargaining power within a chain on its industry. As a building block, we first discuss the implications of bargaining within a single chain by considering an asymmetric Nash bargaining over the wholesale price (BW). We show that both Manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) and vertical integration (VI) strategies are special cases of the BW contract. We then develop the Nash equilibrium in an industry with two supply chains that use BW. We identify the profit‐maximizing (coordinating) bargaining power within this industry. We show that when a chain is not monopolistic, VI does not coordinate the chain and that the MS contract, where the manufacturer has all the bargaining power, is coordinating when competition is intense. We find that the main determinant of the equilibrium in mature industries is to respond well to the actions of the competing chain rather than to directly maximize the profit of each chain. That is, the equilibrium does not necessarily maximize the profit of the entire industry. While a coordination of the industry could then increase the profitability of both chains, such a coordination is likely against antitrust law. Moreover, if one chain cannot change its actions, the other chain may unilaterally improve its profitability by deviating from the equilibrium. Our results lead to several predictions supported by empirical findings, such as that in competitive industries chains will work “close to” the MS contract.     

陌生人:布迪厄的生活轨迹与学术性情的发生

法国学者布迪厄的外省中下层的社会出身,为对布迪厄本人的祛魅解读提供了一个极好的参照视点。布迪厄的自视为陌生人的反体制性情,一方面为其批判性的反思社会学提供了巨大能量,另一方面也限制了其认知视角,使其看不到改变现实的希望。     

以民为本:中国共产党从革命到执政的实践基础

中国共产党的三代领导集体 ,经历了革命、执政、改革开放和社会主义市场经济的社会实践 ,在不同历史时期 ,牢记为人民服务的宗旨 ,赢得了人民的支持 ,也向人民交出了无愧于时代的出色答卷。新的世纪 ,我党仍面临严峻考验。但中外历史经验证明 ,只要以民为本 ,服务人民 ,就能使社会主义祖国走向繁荣、富强     

中国资本“走出去”的困境与出路

伴随着中国对外直接投资的规模和速度不断增长,涌现出一大批有一定实力的企业向海外扩张,“走出去”已经成为企业进一步提升竞争力的必由之路.然而,随之而来的诸多问题又导致了中国资本在“走出去”的过程中陷入困境.文章从发展研究的视角,基于坦桑尼亚某中资国有企业的田野调查,提出了海外国有企业在运营中面临的两大困境：一是经济效益与国家利益冲突的困境;二是解决劳资纠纷时,“找法院”与“找政府”的选择困境.并深入分析造成两大困境的主要原因,最后尝试提出一些解决对策,为企业和政府提供参考依据.     

人道主义和反人道主义的知识论或真理观——以詹姆士与福柯为例

以詹姆士为代表的人道主义知识论或真理观认为,真理是人为的结果,并且造出来是给人用的;以福柯为代表的反人道主义的知识论或真理观认为,每一个话语实践都可以由它所形成的知识来确定,而话语实践总是和权力联系在一起。因此,知识或真理是由权力造就的。在这两种知识论或真理观中,福柯的知识论或真理观显得更为合理。实际上,知识或真理是在人的实践中产生的,并由人的实践效果来衡量,这就决定了知识或真理的社会基础和社会属性。     

日元对美元汇率的变化及其原因分析

自实行浮动汇率制到20世纪90年代上半期,日元持续升值,成为主要的世界货币之一。决定这一长期走势的基本原因是日元对美元购买力平价的提高。而经济实力的消长则是购买力平价提高的物质基础。20世纪90年代以来,日元对美元的购买力平价趋于稳定,从而结束了日元长期升值的趋势。在上述过程中,国家的宏观经济政策、国际间利率差别、跨国资本流动以及一些突发事件的影响成为汇率在短期内波动的直接原因。     

冷战后国际关系与美国外交政策

冷战结束以后国际政治发生的巨大变化是由苏联解体和国际权力结构的失衡所造成的。在失去了苏联的制衡之后,美国的行为越来越表现出肆意妄为和粗暴蛮横的特征。美国用先发制人战略取代威慑和遏制战略是错误的,布什政府的单边主义政策只能使美国在世界上越来越孤立。国际均势的恢复是一个漫长的过程,但是,国际体系的均势最终将会实现。     

Comparison of permutation methods for the partial correlation and partial mantel tests

This study compares empirical type I error and power of different permutation techniques that can be used for partial correlation analysis involving three data vectors and for partial Mantel tests. The partial Mantel test is a form of first-order partial correlation analysis involving three distance matrices which is widely used in such fields as population genetics, ecology, anthropology, psychometry and sociology. The methods compared are the following: (1) permute the objects in one of the vectors (or matrices); (2) permute the residuals of a null model; (3) correlate residualized vector 1 (or matrix A) to residualized vector 2 (or matrix B); permute one of the residualized vectors (or matrices); (4) permute the residuals of a full model. In the partial correlation study, the results were compared to those of the parametric t-test which provides a reference under normality. Simulations were carried out to measure the type I error and power of these permutatio methods, using normal and non-normal data, without and with an outlier. There were 10 000 simulations for each situation (100 000 when n = 5); 999 permutations were produced per test where permutations were used. The recommended testing procedures are the following:(a) In partial correlation analysis, most methods can be used most of the time. The parametric t-test should not be used with highly skewed data. Permutation of the raw data should be avoided only when highly skewed data are combined with outliers in the covariable. Methods implying permutation of residuals, which are known to only have asymptotically exact significance levels, should not be used when highly skewed data are combined with small sample size. (b) In partial Mantel tests, method 2 can always be used, except when highly skewed data are combined with small sample size. (c) With small sample sizes, one should carefully examine the data before partial correlation or partial Mantel analysis. For highly skewed data, permutation of the raw data has correct type I error in the absence of outliers. When highly skewed data are combined with outliers in the covariable vector or matrix, it is still recommended to use the permutation of raw data. (d) Method 3 should never be used.