促进云南农民增收的社会环境因素分析

农民长期持续地增加收入是农村发展的主题,也是国民经济发展的主题。作者通过分析影响农民增收的政治及社会因素,指出当前农民增收还存在许多不利因素。因此,要从5个方面改善农民的增收环境。     

从自利假设到社会财富的增加

如果经济学理论当中存在公理的话 ,当首推斯密的“经济人”假设 ,即自利假设。经济科学发展到今天 ,仍然没有能够抛弃自利的假定 ;经济实践的发展过程中 ,自利假定不仅引发了对财富变化的思考 ,而且对产权制度的安排亦颇多启发。当基于自利的财富变化不能朝着有利的方向发展时 ,制度的革新就成为必然     

受教育程度与城镇居民收入不平等—基于基尼系数的分解研究

基于2008年中国综合社会调查的数据,本文运用基尼系数分解的方法研究城镇居民受教育程度对收入不平等的影响。基于回归的不平等分解研究发现受教育程度是导致城镇居民职业收入不平等的最主要因素。对基尼系数的亚组分解研究发现受教育程度不同的人群之闻的收入不平等对总体收入不平等的贡献率为8.65％,城镇居民职业收入不平等主要表现为各个受教育程度人群内部的收入不平等。分地区来看,中西部地区受教育程度较低的人群其组内差距的贡献率要远高于东部地区。实证研究的结果表明,提供平等的受教育机会、缩小受教育程度的不平等、加大对中西部地区义务教育的投入可以有效缩小收入不平等。     

以家庭为单位征收个人所得税

个人所得税的征收,最原始的目的就是想通过税收的形式达到全社会的公平公正,目前世界上很多发达国家都采用以家庭为单位计征个人所得税,而我国尚未实施。我国目前仍就采用分税制来征收个人所得税,以家庭为单位征收个人所得税是必然趋势,相信在不远的未来,我国必然实施这种征收方式。     

我国未来老年贫困的风险分析

未来老年人指在1975年以前出生的人群。伴随社会经济发展,未来老年人的收入来源多元化,经济和心理自立能力不断增强。但是,未来老年人中相当一部分人目前处于贫困或贫困的边缘,这种状况一方面会通过非正式支持对上下两代贫困风险产生影响,另一方面会影响到他们的老年期,表现出老年期资源累积不足的倾向。因此,延续性贫困可能是未来老年贫困的一大原因。     

变量误差模型下的代际收入弹性估计：一个文献综述

 代际收入流动性反映了社会的机会平等与经济公正程度，为收入分配研究提供了动态视角，主要由代际收入弹性来度量。对代际收入弹性的估计，主流方法都是建立在变量误差模型基础上的。随着新数据集的使用，研究者对收入动态方程假设进行了修正，从而推动了变量误差模型的发展，反过来变量误差模型的发展促进了代际收入弹性的一致性估计。     

School and Family Connections:

No abstract available for this article.     

Bayesian goodness-of-fit test for censored data

We propose a Bayesian computation and inference method for the Pearson-type chi-squared goodness-of-fit test with right-censored survival data. Our test statistic is derived from the classical Pearson chi-squared test using the differences between the observed and expected counts in the partitioned bins. In the Bayesian paradigm, we generate posterior samples of the model parameter using the Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. By replacing the maximum likelihood estimator in the quadratic form with a random observation from the posterior distribution of the model parameter, we can easily construct a chi-squared test statistic. The degrees of freedom of the test equal the number of bins and thus is independent of the dimensionality of the underlying parameter vector. The test statistic recovers the conventional Pearson-type chi-squared structure. Moreover, the proposed algorithm circumvents the burden of evaluating the Fisher information matrix, its inverse and the rank of the variance–covariance matrix. We examine the proposed model diagnostic method using simulation studies and illustrate it with a real data set from a prostate cancer study.     

The value of the second income to two-earner families with children

An increasing number and percentage of families in the United States endeavor to improve family income by placing two adults in the paid work force. This study examines the impact of the second earner on family income for 1,624 married-couple families with children, including 871 one-earner and 753 two-earner families. After-tax income is regressed on one- or two-earner status as well as covariates which confound the income-earner relationship for families of various income levels. The actual after-tax income differential of $7,172 is reduced to $6,076 in the regression analysis. Further, income for each family type is estimated by applying the regression coefficients from one-earner households to the characteristics of two-earner households and the regression coefficients from two-earner households to one-earner household characteristics. Actual incomes for two-earner families are found to be higher than those of one-earner families. However, income differences are reduced from 34% higher actual before-tax income to an estimated 14% lower after-tax income. The findings have important implications for families selecting two earners solely for the purpose of increasing after-tax income.This study received funding from the Graduate School Fund at Northern Illinois University. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Family Economics/Home Management Conference, Indianapolis, IN, June 1987.Mary Pritchard is an Assistant Professor, Department of Human and Family Resources, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115. She received her Ph.D. from Purdue University and includes family economic well-being, family income and expenditures, and spending patterns of adolescents among her research interests.     

Krashen的语言输入假说述评

Krashen的语言输入假说是其监控理论的重要组成部分。他试图用这一假说解释学习者怎样习得语言,尤其是外语。研究者将输入假说广泛运用到外语教学中,对外语教学产生了一定的指导意义。但其中存在的局限性也不容忽视。