Relationship patterns in the 19th century: The friendship network in a German boys’ school class from 1880 to 1881 revisited

The article presents a friendship network from 1880 to 1881 in a school class, which goes back to the exceptional mixed-methods study of the German primary school teacher Johannes Delitsch. The re-analysis of the historic network gives insights into what characteristics defined the friendship networks in school classes in Germany at the end of the 19th century. ERGMs of the so far unmarked data show structural patterns of friendship networks similar to today (reciprocity, transitive triadic closure). Moreover we test the influence of the class ranking order (Lokationsprinzip), which allocates the pupils in the class room according to their school performance. This ranking order produces a hierarchy in the popularity of pupils, through hierarchy–congruent friendship ties going upwards in the hierarchy. In this respect, concerning the effect of school achievement on popularity, we find a strong stratification, which is not always prevalent today.     

路遥的读者意识

路遥的小说之所以被广大读喜爱，成为常销书，根源于作注重实际而又高瞻远瞩的读意识。     

通俗与闲适:90年代中国散文潮流

从形成文学思潮的三大要素即社会文化思潮、文学理论导向、作家作品状态出发,分析90年代中国”散文热”,认为通俗与闲适是这一时期中国散文最突出的特征.它与二、三十年代某些散文流派的传统有关,与台湾、香港散文的影响有关,更是中国后新时期社会思潮和美学意识的反映.90年代两岸三地的散文在通俗、闲适的格调下得到整合.