文学经典品格谈

本文从已经证明是能够超越时空的、世界公认其为典范的文学作品中,归纳出些许认定文学品格的准则,并就其中的部分准则举例展开论述,对我国议论中的“百年文学经典”提出作者自己的见解。     

单模光纤的极化模式色散及其测量

本文分析了实用单模光纤的极化模式色散及其测量方法。在实用单模光纤中,由于双折射现象导致两个正交极化模式在传榆过程中改变极化方向并产生时延差即色散,从而使光波脉冲展宽,产生误码,因此限制了光纤的通道容量和传输距离。     

Intelligent scheduling model and algorithm for manufacturing

This paper puts forward an intelligent scheduling model based on Hopfield neural network and a unified algorithm for manufacturing. The energy computation function and its dynamic state equation are derived and discussed in detail about their coefficients (parameters) and steps (Delta t) in iteration towards convergence. The unified model is focused on the structure of the above function and equation, in which the goal and penalty items must be involved and meet different schedule models. The applications to different schedule mode including jobshop static scheduling, scheduling with due-date constraint or priority constraint, dynamic scheduling, and JIT (just in time) scheduling are discussed, and a series of examples with Gantt charts are illustrated.     

Causes of accidents and the time of day

Abstract

The relationship between accidents and the time of day is not entirely clear. Although there is considerable evidence that performance is poorest in the early morning hours compared to at all other times, the degree to which this is translated into accidents is not understood. In this study work-related fatal accidents were analysed to determine whether the causes of these accidents vary with time. The analysis used a classification and coding system devised to describe the wider circumstances of the causes of fatalities. In terms of absolute numbers, fatalities were most common in the late morning or early afternoon. When these results were expressed in terms of the estimated number of workers at work, the proportion of fatal accidents occurring at night was more than double that occurring during the day. Behavioural factors were the most common cause of fatalities at all times, but most common in the early hours of the morning. Further analysis of the nature of the behavioural involvement showed that errors in automatic processing (skill-based errors) were the most common types of error and did not vary much with time of day. Rule-based errors were most common during the day whereas knowledge-based errors occurred mainly in the afternoon and night shifts. These results cast some doubt on the assumption that there is a direct relationship between the previously observed variations in performance across time and the ultimate safety outcome.     

中国各地区经济发展水平的实证分析

利用1995-2006年数据,采用时序多指标综合评价法,对中国各地区经济发展水平进行评价研究。结论表明：虽然中国1995-2006年经济增长迅速,但是经济发展水平并未得到显著提高;各地区经济发展不均衡,地域差距较大且有逐年扩大的倾向。     

关于水价成本公开的思考

解读企业实施水价成本公开的理论政策依据,剖析水价成本公开工作的现实意义和成本公开中需关注的问题,针对供水企业在开展成本公开工作中面临的任务和应采取的举措,提出相应的对策思路。     

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TIME IN THE INTERNET ERA: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES

This paper examines the gender matrix of time, arguing for cross-disciplinary consideration of political economy, globalization and technology to achieve a detailed understanding of gendered hierarchies of time and the ways in which public/private identifications of social space and time have variously constructed and maintained them. It is argued that women are alienated from their own time, which is identified as most legitimately allocated to the service of others both in the home and at work. The inter-relationship of technologies and gendered identities is explored in relation to public/private divisions and the political-economic and scientific-technological knowledge processes that contribute to upholding them. ICTs reflect these historically established gendered patterns, but international projects such as 'Women on the Net' also demonstrate the capacities of these technologies for disrupting the gender matrix of time through their use by women for women.     

A Conditional Variance Model for Daily Deviations of an Exchange Rate

A model for the distribution of daily deviations of an exchange rate is suggested. The distribution is Gaussian with a variance that depends on previous deviations. The model is applied to the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to special drawing rights.     

Inference on Filtered and Smoothed Probabilities in Markov-Switching Autoregressive Models

ABSTRACT

We derive a statistical theory that provides useful asymptotic approximations to the distributions of the single inferences of filtered and smoothed probabilities, derived from time series characterized by Markov-switching dynamics. We show that the uncertainty in these probabilities diminishes when the states are separated, the variance of the shocks is low, and the time series or the regimes are persistent. As empirical illustrations of our approach, we analyze the U.S. GDP growth rates and the U.S. real interest rates. For both models, we illustrate the usefulness of the confidence intervals when identifying the business cycle phases and the interest rate regimes.     

Japanese Clocks and the History of Punctuality in Modern Japan

Although punctuality is well attained in present Japan, many foreign engineers who arrived in Japan from the mid 19th century observed that Japanese were seemingly indifferent to the clock, which leads us to a question about the origin of punctuality in modern Japan. The present paper first explains the time system and clocks in the Edo period, and then follows the origin and the evolution of punctuality in various sectors of Japanese society. Introducing the historian Sakae Tsunoyama’s two-layer theory to explain the origin of punctuality in modern Japan, the paper explores a question about when punctuality was attained and society accelerated in postwar Japan.

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Japanese Abstract  時間規律は現代の日本社会ではよく確立されている。 しかし、19 世紀末に日本に到来した多くの外国人技術者にとっては日本人が時計には無関心であるように思えた。このことは、近代日本における時間規律の起源という歴史的問題に導かれる。本稿は、最初に江戸時代における時刻制度と和時計について説明し、続いて日本社会の各領域における時間規律の起源と発展について追いかける。近代日本における時間規律の起源に関する歴史家角山榮による 2 層理論を紹介した上で、戦後日本における時間規律の達成、社会の加速化について検討する。