论经济法持续发展理念

工业革命在带来经济增长的同时,也带来了对生态环境前所未有的破坏,人类的生存发展受到严重威胁,传统私法面对社会成员个体差异的积累导致的贫富悬殊及社会整体利益受阻往往束手无策.经济法立足于社会整体,保障社会整体利益的持续实现.应确立持续发展的经济法理念,关注人类与自然、环境与发展、当代与后代的关系,在法学研究、立法及实施的各环节全面确立、提升持续发展理念.     

非英语专业高分组学生与低分组学生在语言学习观念上的差异

本调查对江苏教育学院非英语专业的64名高分组和低分组学生进行了有关语言学习观念的定量和定性研究。目的是试图通过比较两者之间的差异,揭示语言学习观念对英语学习成功者的影响。     

大學生英語學習動機衰竭現象研究(英文)

動機在二語/外語學習中起著重要作用。外部原因,如教師的批抨和過低的考試分數,會造成動機的衰竭(demotivation)。經歷動機衰竭的學習者表現出被動、抵制、放棄、厭煩、焦慮等行為和負面情緒。不少學生以濃厚的興趣開始以討厭或絕望告終。這種動機衰竭現象在外語學習中屢見不鮮。本文研究動機強烈學生和動機衰竭學生的不同之處以期更好地理解動機衰竭的原因,以半開放式深度訪談為主要研究方式。根據定性研究程式的要求,封各種资料進行了歸納,發现兩組學生在六個方面存在明顯不同: 1)歸宿感;2)考試分數的影響;3)內在動機和外在動機的轉化;4)封四圾考試的態度和焦慮;5)學習觀念與認知策略;6)自我調節。     

Incorporating Previous Results Into the Analysis of General Balanced Designed Experiments

When previous results are available about quantities of interest in a designed experiment they should be incorporated into the analysis. We suppose that estimates of treatment effects and variance components and their precisions are available from previous data but not necessarily the full data. A prior-posterior method is described which incorporates these previous estimates directly into the analysis of a current set of data. General but concise formula are derived for the class of generally balanced designs. Previous results are represented by a multivariate normal prior for the treatment means and independent inverse chi-squared distributions for the variance components. Joint and marginal posterior modes and a measure of dispersion are proposed as combined or updated estimates. These posterior summary statistics have highly interpretable forms and are readily computed.     

Posterior bimodality in the balanced one-way random-effects model

Summary. Although some researchers have examined posterior multimodality for specific richly parameterized models, multimodality is not well characterized for any such model. The paper characterizes bimodality of the joint and marginal posteriors for a conjugate analysis of the balanced one-way random-effects model with a flat prior on the mean. This apparently simple model has surprisingly complex and even bizarre mode behaviour. Bimodality usually arises when the data indicate a much larger between-groups variance than does the prior. We examine an example in detail, present a graphical display for describing bimodality and use real data sets from a statistical practice to shed light on the practical relevance of bimodality for these models.     

Simplifying Second‐order Belief Attribution: What Facilitates Children’s Performance on Measures of Conceptual Understanding?

This study investigated how 4‐ to 7‐year‐old children’s second‐order belief attribution might be facilitated by either reducing information processing or varying the sequence of task questions. In Experiment 1, compared with Perner and Wimmer’s (1985 ) original second‐order false‐belief task, a new task with reduced information‐processing demands promoted better second‐order reasoning. In Experiment 2, half the stories included a second‐order ignorance question before a second‐order belief question. The ignorance question promoted second‐order belief understanding, superseding the improvement induced by lowered processing demands. Together, the findings suggest that second‐order belief performance can be facilitated if children focus on the concept of ignorance during the sequence of questioning.     

Rational beliefs in extensive games

Given an extensive game, with every node x and every player i a subset k _i (x) of the set of terminal nodes is associated, and is given the interpretation of player i's knowledge (or information) at node x. A belief of player i is a function that associates with every node x an element of the set K _i (x). A belief system is an n-tuple of beliefs, one for each player. A belief system is rational if it satisfies some natural consistency properties. The main result of the paper is that the notion of rational belief system gives rise to a refinement of the notion of subgame-perfect equilibrium.     

On the foundations of decision making under partial information

We show how to model incompleteness in the decision maker's judgements, within a Bayesian context, providing axioms which lead us to work with families of values or probabilities and utilities. The proper solution concepts are suggested. On the whole, we provide a more robust decision theory, based on a weaker set of axioms, but embodying coherence, since it essentially implies carrying out a family of coherent decision analyses.     

Parental Divorce and the Types of Commitment-Related Messages People Gain from Their Families of Origin

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of types of commitment-related messages gained from families of origin. A sample of young adults was asked about the messages they believed they gained from their families of origin, to what degrees those messages affected their relationship experiences, and how these messages are related to their beliefs about romantic relationships. Results indicated that people with divorced or unhappy parents were more likely to report gaining messages such as relationships are not permanent, one must approach relationships with caution, and relationships are beset by lack of trust and fidelity, and less likely to report gaining messages such as marriage is enduring, relationships need love and happiness, and relationships should be partnerships. In addition, participants indicated they felt that those messages had influenced their experiences in relationships. Overall, the results add to the growing evidence of the importance of family of origin upon people's attitudes about and experiences in romantic relationships.     

大学生人生信仰现状的调查研究

信仰问题是个人与社会的原点,是构建一个社会思想特质的基石。而人生信仰是人生观、价值观的集中体现和人生实践的最高指南。以山西省某高校为例,对不同年级、不同科类的学生的人生信仰现状进行了调查,并分析了大学生的人生信仰现状的原因及对策。