中国行业层面就业核算研究

我国现有的行业层面就业统计数据不甚充分,且在统计对象、核算方法和行业分类等方面缺乏统一性,导致我国各年份行业层面就业数据可比性较差。为准确核算一套可比的行业层面就业数据,本文厘清就业数据的不同核算口径,提供不同口径转换统一的方法,基于最新《国民经济行业分类 (GB/T4754—2017)》标准,测算 1990—2018年97个行业大类就业数据,并证实测算结果的合理性;在此基础上,本文测算行业层面劳动生产率,进行行业分布和劳动生产率的国际比较。结果显示,本文核算出1990—2018年97个行业大类的行业层面就业数据,通过与不同研究和普查年份数据的多元结果比较发现,本文测算结果可靠性高;大部分行业劳动生产率的年均增速为正,金融业的劳动生产率最高,农、林、牧、渔业最低;我国高端产业就业人数占比与美国和欧盟仍有一定差距,各个行业的劳动生产率与美国相比均较低;优化就业结构,提高劳动生产率是我国应对疫情、畅通国内大循环的重要支撑。     

油田现行的产量递减率计算方法及分析

各种方法计算的递减率值,虽然都能从不同侧面反映产量的递减,但含义有所不同,不能当作相同指标来引用和对比。根据递减理论,进一步深化了对不同递减率表达式基本含义的认识,研究了不同递减规律下递减率计算方法之间的联系与区别,推导出了年产量递减率、年产能递减率、月递减率三者之间的相互关系。根据上述关系式及其递减规律,能够快速而简捷地进行递减率指标预测,从而确定年度分月产量运行安排或开发生产规划安排,能有效地指导油田开发生产管理。     

中国与日本产业国际竞争力比较研究 －基于中日投入产出序列表的分析

 本文用投入产出的分析模型,将中日价格差异用中间投入生产率、劳动价格、劳动生产率、固定资本价格、资本生产率和“其他”等6个要素进行解释,并推算出这些要素在整个中日价格差异中所占的比重,从而对中日国际竞争力进行比较分析。从分析结果可以得出,中国各产业的国际竞争力的主要因素是低廉的劳动成本和资本价格,而日本则具有较高的劳动生产率和中间投入生产率。     

异质性企业的空间选择与地区生产率差距研究

 本文在融入企业异质性的空间经济学理论框架下,采用中国工业企业数据库微观数据,运用分位数回归的方法,检验异质性企业的空间选择与产业集聚效应对地区(企业)生产率差距的影响程度。结果表明：（1）异质性企业的定位选择行为在中国显著存在,并且是影响地区（企业）生产率差距的另一重要的微观机制;（2）在中国,地区产业集聚并没有对本地企业生产率产生正向影响,即集聚效应并不明显。     

Identifying Demand Shocks From Production Data

Standard productivity estimates contain a mixture of cost efficiency and demand conditions. I propose a method to identify the distribution of the demand shock using production data. Identification does not depend on functional form restrictions. It is also robust to dynamic demand considerations and flexible labor. In the parametric case, the ratio of intermediate inputs to the wage bill (input ratio) contains information about the magnitude of the demand shock. The method is tested using data from Spain that contains information on prices and demand conditions. Finally, we generate Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the method’s performance and sensitivity. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Productivity Growth in the Lisbon Police Force

This paper estimates total productivity change with regard to the Lisbon Police Force and decomposes it into technically efficient change and technological change with data envelopment analysis (DEA). The benchmarking procedure implemented is an internal benchmarking, in which police precincts are compared against each other. The aim of this procedure is to seek out those best practices that will lead to improved performance throughout the whole force. We rank the precincts according to their total productivity change for the period 2000–2001, concluding that some precincts experienced productivity growth while a small number experienced productivity decrease. Economic implications arising from the study are considered.     

三次产业与城镇化的关系分析

产业结构对城镇化具有重要影响,是衡量一个国家城镇化质量的重要指标。本文定性分析三次产业与城镇化的关系,并选取劳动生产率这一指标与城镇化率进行回归分析,得出回归方程,进而比较三次产业对城镇化的影响。     

德鲁克论21世纪管理挑战——知识工作者生产率

彼得·德鲁克在新著中对知识工作者生产率作了考察,并指出个人与组织方面的基本态度上的变化以及工作本身的结构变化皆为增进生产率之必需.他解释了由于泰罗科学管理的应用而增进了发达国家手工工作者生产率是20世纪管理的最重要的贡献.他阐明了人们关于知识工作者生产率之所获知,并提出它的各项主要因素.他提出了“技术人员”(既是知识工作者又是手工工作者),并以实例说明使其有效的三个因素.他把知识工作者看成一个系统,并指出知识工作者与知识工作者生产率的出现对公司治理的意义.德鲁克强调,知识工作者生产率是21世纪管理的最大挑战.在发达国家,这是它们的第一生存需要.     

Project‐Level Reuse Factors: Drivers for Variation within Software Development Environments*

Systematic reuse can dramatically improve software development productivity and quality even though a software reuse methodology may require substantial investments. Some projects may fail to achieve the targeted amounts of reuse within organizations that are overall successful in employing reuse. To explain such variation, this research explores the effects of project‐level factors in the success of software reuse. A model that relates project factors to project reuse success is developed using an information‐rich case study approach. The results are based on the insights obtained in a nominal group technique session, triangulated with structured interviews and comparative case studies. Success factors identified by the study relate to client influence, project culture, project attributes, and developer reuse experience. An organization that can successfully identify the factors affecting potential software reuse will be able to better target investments for the improvement of its reuse methodology and thus positively affect its software development productivity and quality.     

The role of productivity growth and farmers’ income protection policies in the decline of relative farm prices in the United States

The paper emphasizes three interrelated questions about the decline in relative farm to non-farm prices in the United States since 1973: (1) Is it unusual, (2) What caused it, and (3) Is it likely to continue? We find that based on historical and international evidence this phenomenon may be considered unusual. Separating farm price and income support in 1973 and growing relative productivity in agriculture have been the major contributors to changing the trend of the relative farm goods inflation. This trend is likely to continue based on predicted steady growth of relative agricultural productivity and continuation of direct payments and other forms of farm income support policies.