新经济地理学视角下人口与产业空间匹配性研究——以新疆地区为例

在新经济地理学对要素空间集聚逻辑分析的基础上,本文提出了人口空间分布与产业空间分布的演变机制模型．从人口与产业分布匹配度视角对区域经济发展差异做了动态描述。研究显示,人口与产业空间分布匹配性在经济发展过程l中呈现出“双峰双谷”模式．同时得出三点有益的推论。并基于新疆区域内各地州人口与产业空间分布匹配性的实际变动情况验证了模型对现实地区差距的解释能力,证实了推论的可信性。     

Can cities be held responsible for early school leaving? Evidence from the Netherlands

This paper examines if ‘naming and shaming’ is an effective tool to increase accountability in school dropout for cities with disadvantaged student populations. It argues that a comparison with other cities might be unfair if regional and population characteristics differ. It discusses the example of two Dutch new towns. The new town policy deliberately attracted low- and medium-income households in the past, such that today the population of those cities differs from other cities. We use a matching analysis to account for observed differences in population and regional characteristics. The results point out that ‘naming and shaming’ may be a dangerous policy to increase accountability: early school leaving differences are driven, to a large extent, by observed differences in population and regional characteristics.     

Bayesian approach to estimation of intraclass correlation using reference prior

For the balanced variance component model when the intraclass correlation coefficient is of interest, Bayesian analysis is often appropriate. Berger and Bernardo’s (1992a) grouped ordering reference prior approach is used to analyze this model. The reference priors are developed and compared for the posterior inference with real and simulated data. We examine whether the reference priors satisfy the probability-matching criterion. Further, the reference prior is shown to be good in the sense of correct frequentist coverage probability of the posterior quantile.     

Third-Order Asymptotic Distributions of Classic Test Statistics for One-Parameter Exponential Family Models

ABSTRACT

In this article we derive third-order asymptotic expansions for the non null distribution functions of four classic statistics under a sequence of local alternatives in one-parameter exponential family models. Our results are quite general and cover a wide range of important distributions.     

Variance bounds for estimators in autoregressive models with constraints

We consider nonlinear and heteroscedastic autoregressive models whose residuals are martingale increments with conditional distributions that fulfil certain constraints. We treat two classes of constraints: residuals depending on the past through some function of the past observations only, and residuals that are invariant under some finite group of transformations. We determine the efficient influence function for estimators of the autoregressive parameter in such models, calculate variance bounds, discuss information gains, and suggest how to construct efficient estimators. Without constraints, efficient estimators can be given by weighted least squares estimators. With the constraints considered here, efficient estimators are obtained differently, as one-step improvements of some initial estimator, similarly as in autoregressive models with independent increments.     

ON SOME OPTIMALITY PROPERTIES OF FISHER-RAO SCORE FUNCTION IN TESTING AND ESTIMATION

The score function is associated with some optimality features in statistical inference. This review article looks on the central role of the score in testing and estimation. The maximization of the power in testing and the quest for efficiency in estimation lead to score as a guiding principle. In hypothesis testing, the locally most powerful test statistic is the score test or a transformation of it. In estimation, the optimal estimating function is the score. The same link can be made in the case of nuisance parameters: the optimal test function should have maximum correlation with the score of the parameter of primary interest. We complement this result by showing that the same criterion should be satisfied in the estimation problem as well.     

Noninformative priors for the normal variance ratio

In this paper, we consider noninformative priors for the ratio of variances in two normal populations. We develop first and second order matching priors. We find that the second order matching prior matches alternative coverage probabilities up to the second order and is also a HPD matching prior. It turns out that among the reference priors, only one-at-a-time reference prior satisfies a second order matching criterion. Our simulation study indicates that the one-at-a-time reference prior performs better than other reference priors in terms of matching the target coverage probabilities in a frequentist sense. This work is supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2004-002-C00041).     

A Test to Detect Within-family Infectivity when the Whole Epidemic Process is Observed

An epidemic model for the spread of an infectious disease in a population of families is considered. The score test of the hypothesis that there is no higher infectivity between family members is constructed under the assumption that the epidemic process is observed continuously up to some time t . The score process is a martingale as a function of t and by letting the number of families tend to infinity, a central limit theorem for the process can be proved. The central limit theorem not only justifies a normal approximation of the test statistic—it also suggests a smaller variance estimator than expected.     

一种快速有效提取浓密视差图的方法

采用边缘匹配和区域相关相结合的办法,用Gauss-Laplace算子首先对图像进行运算,提取图像的边缘像素,并根据一定约束条件匹配边缘像素,再将图像对视作对称,以相关值互为最大来确定其余点的匹配关系。用该方法处理经过良好校正的图像对,在VC 环境下可实现浓密视差图的快速提取。     

60年代调整后农村人民公社个人收入分配制度

个人收入分配制度是人民公社体制下重要的制度安排.本文从公社个人收入分配的构成和分配依据,以及与收入分配密切相关的公社劳动管理制度和工分制几个方面,说明了人民公社体制调整后到改革前的个人收入分配的实况,由此从一个侧面证明了以大包干为特征的分配制度创新,并最终取代公社平均主义分配制度所具有的历史必然性.