Analyzing attrition in a community-based literacy program

Attrition presents a challenge for research, especially when it affects groups differentially. The present study used the strategy proposed by Cook and Campbell (1979) to investigate attrition in a community-based literacy program. The relationship of attrition to person-centered and program-centered variables, and the interactions between person-centered and program-centered variables were examined in 287 Head Start families. Thus, data from this program were used to illustrate methods for examining attrition and determine its effects. This examination revealed differences among the intervention groups in the pattern of attrition. There were interactions between intervention program-centered characteristics and person-centered characteristics of the participants that could affect the validity of the study and limit the generalizability of the results. Suggestions for dealing with these problems and preventing attrition are discussed.     

基于批判性思维的信息素养教育

批判性思维在信息素养中有着极其重要的作用,这种作用表现为分析与评价信息的清晰性与正确性、准确性与相关性、广度与深度、含义与重要性以及信息的道德合法使用等,并最终做出指导信仰与行动的判断。因此培养学生信息素养的一个关键是发展他们的批判性思维,向每一个学生提供的应该是基于批判性思维的信息素养教育,这种教育促使学生把批判性思维应用到他们熟悉与关切的现实生活中去。     

论网络环境下大学生信息素质教育

论述了信息素质的内涵及开展信息素质教育的意义，探讨了在网络环境下对大学生进行信息素质教育的主要内容和途径。     

Stepping Out of Your Own Shadow: A Didactic Example of How Facing Uncertainty Can Improve Decision-Making

Advocates of quantitative uncertainty analysis (QUA) have invested substantial effort in explaining why uncertainty is a crucial aspect of risk and yet have devoted much less effort to explaining how QUA can improve the risk manager's performance. This paper develops a teaching example, using a personal decision problem with subtle parallels to societal risk management, to show how choices made with increasing appreciation of uncertainty are superior ones. In the hypothetical, five analysts explain the same uncertain prospect (whether to invest in a volatile stock issue), with increasing attention to the nuances of uncertainty. The path through these different perspectives on the decision demonstrates four general points applicable to environmental risk management: (1) Various point estimates with equal claim to being "best estimates" can differ markedly from each other and lead to diametrically different choices; (2) "conservatism" has both relative and absolute meanings, with different implications for decision-making; (3) both inattention to and fixation on "outliers" in the uncertainty distribution can lead the manager astray; and (4) the best QUA is one that helps discriminate among real options, that points to optimum pathways toward new information, and that spurs on the iterative search for new decision options that may outperform any of the initial ones offered.     

Literacy and the civilization of violence in 19th-century France

This research focuses on the impact of literacy on major crimes of violence, homicide, and suicide in France, between 1852 and 1914. A time-series analysis shows that declining rates of serious crimes of violence and passion-inspired homicide were associated with increasing literacy. On the other side, literacy and rates of cold-blooded murder were unrelated, and literacy was a positive predictor of suicide. In view of this, and the fact that the negative relationship between homicide and suicide depends on it, literacy, or broader cultural change, such as urbanity, or the education system itself may have been the causal agent in transforming expressions of passion from an explosion of violence against others to an implosion of violence against the self. Overall, literacy cannot be seen to have repressed violence per se. In fact between 1852 and 1914, the increase in rates of suicide in France was almost eight times greater than the decline in homicide, suggesting that literacy transformed rather than depressed death by violence.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 50th annual meetings of the American Society of Criminology in San Francisco, November 1991.     

全国大学生足球赛增设超级联赛的必要性

通过对全国大学生足球联赛的分析,认为增设超级联赛,并设立严格的资格审查制度,进行文化课程测试,将更加有利于发挥大多数高校和学生的积极性。为足球运动在高校的普及和提高创造更好条件。     

信息素质教育与高校图书馆

高等教育的发展赋予图书馆工作新的职能,即信息技术教育。从学生信息素质的现状来看,图书馆对学生进行信息素质教育是一项紧迫任务。     

Forty years of doctoral public relations research in Spain: A quantitative study of dissertation contribution to theory development

In this article, doctoral dissertations on public relations written at Spanish universities (1965–2004) are examined in order to gain an understanding of the level of theory development within the discipline. The following subjects are studied: growth over time, universities where they were written, use of language, gender and the topics of doctoral dissertations. Although still in its early development, public relations doctoral research in Spain is a well-established and burgeoning field in terms of the total of theses examined (62). The conclusion, however, is that their contribution to theory building in public relations has been negligible, with the practical or operational side of public relations standing out more than the conceptual and theoretical side.     

科技传播障碍及其对策分析

科技传播的目的在于实现科技成果的扩散与转移,但在实际运行过程中,这一目的的实现往往会遇到许多障碍,这既有科技传播系统内部因素的制约,也有政治制度、经济体制、文化氛围等外部社会因素的影响。因此,应树立“大传播”观念,加强法律保障体系建设,普及科学技术知识,营造有利于科技传播的和谐宽松的文化氛围,充分运用先进传播技术手段,加快科技传播事业的产业化步伐,以消除科技传播障碍。     

新媒介环境下青少年的媒介素养教育

新媒介环境下,媒介“应用”是青少年与新媒介关系的重要表征,青少年媒介素养教育的内涵也因此有了新的发展。在这种情况下,超越保护主义是青少年媒介素养教育的理念选择;以个人本位为价值取向的体验学习是青少年媒介素养教育的恰当的方法选择;依托学校教育模式,提高媒介素养教育的地位,加快媒介素养课程建设,正确组织体验学习活动,是青少年媒介素养教育的正确路径选择。