试论软件的劳动价值创造及其资本流通过程

通过分析软件资本循环过程可以发现,软件产品存在一次性劳动创造价值,多次甚至无限次复制使用价值的价值倍增效应和边际效用递增效应,软件的效用成为决定软件价值量的最主要因素。软件资本构成中人力资本占据决定性的地位,软件企业应当通过提高软件技术人员的素质和能力以及加强软件开发过程控制来确保软件资本流通过程的顺利实现。     

无用之用——王国维审美功利说及其影响简论

审美和功利的矛盾是贯穿美学与文学始终的矛盾。作为中国近现代美学思想的发轫者,王国维在借鉴以康德等为代表的西方审美超利害说的基础上,结合中国社会的实际,糅进古老的诗教传统,形成了独特的审美功利主义。蔡元培、鲁迅和朱光潜等在这一思想的影响下,建立自己的美学世界,从而完成了中国古代美学向现代美学的嬗变。     

Computational precision in statistics: variances and covariances †

“Precision” may be thought of either as the closeness with which a reported value approximates a “true” value, or as the number of digits carried in computations, depending on context. With suitable formal definitions, it is shown that the precision of a reported value is the difference between the precision with which computations are performed and the “loss” in precision due to the computations. Loss in precision is a function of the quantity computed and of the algorithm used to compute it; in the case of the usual “computing formula” for variances and covariances, it is shown that the loss of precision is expected to be log k _i k _j where k _i , the reciprocal of the coefficient of variation, is the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation of the ith variable. When the precision of a reported value, the precision of computations, and the loss of precision due to the computations are expressed to the same base, all three quantities have the units of significant digits in the corresponding number system. Using this metric for “precision,” the expected precision of a computed (co)variance may be estimated in advance of the computation; for data reported in the paper, the estimates agree closely with observed precision. Implications are drawn for the programming of general-purpose statistical programs, as well as for users of existing programs, in order to minimize the loss of precision resulting from characteristics of the data, A nomograph is provided to facilitate the estimation of precision in binary, decimal, and hexadecimal digits.     

官僚主义脱离群众的发生机理与治理

官僚主义脱离群众、损害群众利益是当前我们面临的一个重要问题,这其中表现着两重性：一是伴随着现代技术官僚制建立的衍生物,二是长期的剥削阶级统治所遗留的官僚陋习。探讨其根源则在于官僚追逐个人效用的最大化,其发生机理是官僚垄断供给和信息优势下的权力异化,对其进行治理必须树立群众观点,坚持群众路线的工作方法和强化群众的监督。     

Survival Distributions Satisfying Benford's Law

Hill stated that “An interesting open problem is to determine which common distributions (or mixtures thereof) satisfy Benford's law …”. This article quantifies compliance with Benford's law for several popular survival distributions. The traditional analysis of Benford's law considers its applicability to datasets. This article switches the emphasis to probability distributions that obey Benford's law.     

A Survey regarding the Reporting of Simulation Studies

Hoaglin and Andrews (1975) proposed standards for computational practice and the reporting of computation-based studies. They observed that “statisticians … often pay too little attention to their own principles of design.” To see if the design and reporting had improved, we surveyed five major statistical journals for 1975, 1978, and 1981 to ascertain whether reported simulation studies involved a specified design, justified the choice of the number of iterations, and specified the random number generator(s) used. Eighteen percent of the 1,198 papers surveyed included results based on simulation. We found that 9% of the papers including a simulation study justified the choice of the number of iterations and 44% at least partially specified the random number generator. Hoaglin and Andrews's observation appears still to be true.     

基于模糊Topsis的传感器资源分配算法

影响传感器资源分配的目标属性有多种.文中将目标模糊多属性效用作为传感器资源分配的依据,提出了一种基于模糊Topsis的传感器资源分配算法,并分别给出了影响资源分配的目标多属性模糊效用函数.提出了几种传感器资源分配性能评价指标.仿真结果表明,该算法充分考虑了目标跟踪和威胁等多因素,更符合不同目标对传感器资源的需求.     

IRUSRT: A Novel Imbalanced Learning Technique by Combining Inverse Random Under Sampling and Random Tree

In this article, a novel technique IRUSRT (inverse random under sampling and random tree) by combining inverse random under sampling and random tree is proposed to implement imbalanced learning. The main idea is to severely under sample the majority class thus creating multiple distinct training sets. With each training set, a random tree is trained to separate the minority class from the majority class. By combining these random trees through fusion, a composite classifier is constructed. The experimental analysis on 23 real-world datasets assessed over area under the ROC curve (AUC), F-measure, and G-mean indicates that IRUSRT performs significantly better when compared with many existing class imbalance learning methods.     

Bayes Estimates for the Price and Income Elasticities of Alcoholic Beverages in Finland From 1955 to 1980

The Lindley–Smith theory of Bayes estimates for multiple regression equations with exchangeability between the regression coefficients of the individual equations is extended to the case in which a first-order autoregressive process generates the regression coefficients. The ensuing formulas are applied to study monthly Finnish consumption of alcohol. The point of this application is that exchangeability between the regression coefficients is less than we can assess beforehand when there is a natural ordering, in this case according to chronological time, of the equations. Still, the general task of the Lindley–Smith estimators, to consider the combined data when estimating individual regression coefficients, is a relevant one.     

C239. The continued fraction for lnr( z): a stieljes conjecture

Estimation in logistic-normal models for correlated and overdispersed binomial data is complicated by the numerical evaluation of often intractable likelihood functions. Penalized quasilikelihood (PQL) estimators of fixed effects and variance components are known to be seriously biased for binary data. A simple correction procedure has been proposed to improve the performance of the PQL estimators. The proposed method is illustrated by analyzing infectious disease data. Its performance is compared, by means of simulations, with that of the Bayes approach using the Gibbs sampler.