山西水资源短缺的法律对策

水作为人类赖以生存的必要因素,已成为紧缺性资源,缺水问题成为我国乃至世界性问题。山西是中国严重缺水的省份之一。从考察山西省的缺水现状出发,通过分析其原因,法律的层面提出了应贯彻执行节约用水、水价交易、水环境影响评价和实施兴水战略,以期缓解山西的缺水危机。     

Who captures the marks for the Petersen estimator?

Summary.  We examine the claim that the well-known Petersen estimator which is used in population size estimation was not in fact used by the scientist after whom it is named. We show how, in the early years of the last century, the modern use of the Petersen estimator grew from that of the fishing coefficient. Contending with the somewhat conflicting claims that were made at the time, and what by modern standards is poor referencing of sources, we investigate where the credit lies for these concepts, and the principles and protocols which support them. We assess also how far attributions of credit were affected by practical considerations, and the history of the estimator by the nature of the problems being pursued. We identify scientists whose early work on marking and estimating fish populations deserves more credit than it has received.     

可持续建筑设计中的寿命周期评价方法

寿命周期概念及其评价体系作为可持续发展战略的重要组成部分,正在得到越来越广泛的应用。融入建筑设计决策过程的寿命周期评价方法是指具有规范化的设计步骤、定量化的优选方法的一种可持续建筑系统设计方法,较之传统节能设计更趋向于科学化、系统化。首先提出并分析了建筑设计中的寿命周期评价方法,然后总结了寿命周期评价工具的类型及应用,最后分析了寿命周期评价和寿命周期成本分析的结合应用。     

Food safety regulation,economic impact assessment and quantitative methods

Together with a call for more efficient regulations in the EU, there is a growing demand for transparency in the evaluation techniques to assess and predict their effects. This article explores the potential impacts of food safety regulations and discusses the quantitative methods used in the policy evaluation literature. Along with the strengths and limitations of each method, this review highlights other transversal issues relevant to the assessment strategies. Among these are the imbalance between ex ante and ex post evaluation, the lack of adequate data, the difficulty of estimating the dynamic effects of regulations, and the possibility of endogenous relationships.     

对地方水资源法规执行效能的实证研究

青岛市在全国有地方立法权的城市中拥有较为完备的水资源法规体系。在青岛市地方立法整体评估所收集的资料基础上，通过个案研究的方法，可以对青岛市地方水资源法规的执行效能进行有典型意义的实证分析，从中总结地方水资源法规的实施绩效和执行阻碍及原因；并从地方立法的角度提出增强地方水资源法规执行效能的建议。     

Quantifying the Distribution of Inhalation Exposure in Human Populations: 2. Distributions of Time Spent by Adults, Adolescents, and Children at Home, at Work, and at School

Using distributions of time spent at various ventilation levels, ranges of inhalation exposure in the population can be established. Distributions of exposure time were determined using results of a study by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) which focused on time spent by humans participating in various activities and the locations where the activities occurred. The daily at-home activities from the CARB study were assigned to one of three ventilation levels, generating aggregate time periods. Distinct age and gender populations were identified, and distributions for aggregate time were established for these populations at each of the ventilation levels. In addition to aggregate time spent at home, distributions for various ages and genders were established for aggregate time spent at school and work. By combining distributions of aggregate time with corresponding ventilation rates, the distribution of inhalation rates can be established for at home, at work, and at school exposures.     

论证伦理——兼及良论证的评价

论证是人们表达思想的一种言语行为。由于语言与思想的离异性、人的情感因素和社会环境的影响等,论证必然显现出伦理内容,而且必然会对听(读)者和社会产生影响。因此,对论证必须有伦理规范加以约束,使论证伦理成为良论证的一个必要条件,以使论证更全面地发挥社会作用。     

试析交叉学科研究的真实性评价

交叉学科研究真实性评价是检验交叉学科研究项目进展成效的一种评价方式,它要求研究者(组)运用所掌握的交叉学科知识和技能去再现研究成果的获取过程或模拟真实环境下研发装置的实际运行。真实性评价方式有自我评价、组内互评、文档评定、表现评定和项目规划评定等。真实性评价中的评分测度规则的构成要素包含评分准则、质量等级、评分策略和具体示例。在交叉学科研究中其评价主体应注意分析范例样本、确定评分准则、选择评分策略、描述质量等级、草拟评分测度规则和在试用中修订评分测度规则,以使研究者对自己正在研究的任务和设计方案的进展能正确评价,并由此改善其研究状况以提高研究成果的质量。     

交叉学科研究的形成性评价方法

交叉学科研究的形成性评价主要指在交叉学科研究过程中为改进和完善研究活动而进行的对研究者研究过程及结果的测定。它的类型有真实性评价、表现性评价和发展性评价。而形成性评价与总结性评价是科研评价的两种基本类型,这两者在目的、职能、报告听取人、覆盖研究过程的时间等方面都不同。形成性评价常用观察、自我评价、建立研究人员研究工作情况评价卡、提供研究工作反馈信息、组内互评等方法。在交叉学科研究中,运用形成性评价的方法可采用课题组负责人或学科专家对合作小组研究人员的评价、合作小组对小组成员研究表现的评价和合作小组对小组成员文档的评价的方法。     

基于目标管理的政府部门评价研究——对某市财政局的个案分析

以"工作责任制"为特征的目标管理是我国政府部门行政改革的重要方面。由于政府部门的职责、任务和功能的差异性,使其目标具有多样性和复杂性,而如何利用目标管理对部门进行年度考核,使考核结果能够准确的反映部门的业绩,并且具有可比性成为部门考核的关键。基于目标管理的政府部门考核指标体系共有四部分组成:业务目标、公共责任目标、社会评价、工作创新创优目标。考虑到政府部门考核中的指标值的难度量性和部门职能的差异性,主要采用修订的模糊评价方法。