协商:化解公共冲突的一种基本方式

协商对于化解公共冲突具有显著的意义,它不仅是民主社会发展的内在要求,还是化解公共冲突的有效手段,对于建构和谐社会和实现"中国梦"都具有重要的意义。目前,不少公共管理者在观念上不想协商,在手段上不善于协商,也缺乏协商所需的必要的社会氛围,这给以协商化解公共冲突的方式造成很大阻碍。公共管理者应当树立协商是化解冲突首选、是必须的"规定动作"等观念,要尊重民众权利、习惯平起平坐,防止先"定调子"的协商。     

Gender,conflict, and peace-building: how conflict can catalyse positive change for women

Although modern-day armed conflict is horrific for women, recent conflict and post-conflict periods have provided women with new platforms and opportunities to bring about change. The roles of women alter and expand during conflict as they participate in the struggles and take on more economic responsibilities and duties as heads of households. The trauma of the conflict experience also provides an opportunity for women to come together with a common agenda. In some contexts, these changes have led women to become activists, advocating for peace and long-term transformation in their societies. This article explores how women have seized on the opportunities available to them to drive this advocacy forward: including the establishment of an international framework on women, peace, and security that includes United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and other international agreements and commitments to involving women in post-conflict peace-building. The article is based on on-the-ground research and capacity-building activities carried out in the Great Lakes Region of Africa on the integration of international standards on gender equality and women's rights into post-conflict legal systems.     

法王亨利四世宽严相济的安邦方略

1601-1606年间,法国波旁王朝多次出现传统封建贵族密谋分裂活动,严重威胁王权。亨利四世以信任与宽大处理为名,要求主谋者赴巴黎最高法院申辩认罪,同时彻底追查镇压密谋活动参与者,强调忠顺意识,最终取得成功。在当时传统封建贵族势力依旧强大、宗教矛盾突出的背景下,宽严相济是亨利四世采取的一种安邦方略,有效解除了王国可能再度分裂的威胁且强化王权,巩固了新建波旁王朝的统治,对于近代法兰西民族国家形成有积极的促进作用。     

网络环境下现代社会冲突的特点及化解策略

网络连接了现实社会与虚拟社会,它是社会动员的重要场域,并越来越成为民众的诉求渠道。它可以引爆或加剧社会冲突,也可以化解或缓和社会冲突。网络环境下的社会冲突事件的组织性增强,政府解决社会冲突的难度加大。要化解网络环境下的现代社会冲突,政府必须重视民生,建立通畅的群众利益诉求渠道,提高政府的公信力以及网络舆情的处置力和引导力,树立政府网络舆论的权威性。     

On the Asymptotic Sizes of Subset Anderson–Rubin and Lagrange Multiplier Tests in Linear Instrumental Variables Regression

We consider tests of a simple null hypothesis on a subset of the coefficients of the exogenous and endogenous regressors in a single‐equation linear instrumental variables regression model with potentially weak identification. Existing methods of subset inference (i) rely on the assumption that the parameters not under test are strongly identified, or (ii) are based on projection‐type arguments. We show that, under homoskedasticity, the subset Anderson and Rubin (1949) test that replaces unknown parameters by limited information maximum likelihood estimates has correct asymptotic size without imposing additional identification assumptions, but that the corresponding subset Lagrange multiplier test is size distorted asymptotically.     

Some Related Minima Stability and Minima Infinite Divisibility of the General Multivariate Pareto Distributions

This article studies the minima stable property of the general multivariate Pareto distributions MP^(k)(I), MP^(k)(II), MP^(k)(III), MP^(k)(IV) which can be applied to characterize the MP^(k) distribution via its weighted ordered coordinates minima and marginal distribution. Also, the multivariate semi-Pareto distribution (denoted by MSP) is discerned in the class of geometric minima infinite divisible and geometric minima stable distributions. If the exponent measure is satisfied by some functional equation, then the geometric minima stable property can be used to characterize the MSP distribution. Finally, the finite sample minima infinite divisible property of the MP^(k)(I), (II), and (IV) distributions is also discussed.     

Bimatrix Variate Beta Type IV Distribution: Relation to Wilks's Statistic and Bimatrix Variate Kummer-Beta Type IV Distribution

In this article, the bimatrix variate beta Type IV distribution is derived from independent Wishart distributed matrix variables. We explore specific properties of this distribution which is then used to derive the exact expressions of the densities of the product and ratio of two dependent Wilks's statistics and to define the bimatrix Kummer-beta Type IV distribution.     

2<Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis></Superscript>4<Superscript>1</Superscript> designs with minimum aberration or weak minimum aberration

For measuring the goodness of 2 ^m 4¹ designs, Wu and Zhang (1993) proposed the minimum aberration (MA) criterion. MA 2 ^m 4¹ designs have been constructed using the idea of complementary designs when the number of two-level factors, m, exceeds n/2, where n is the total number of runs. In this paper, the structures of MA 2 ^m 4¹ designs are obtained when m>5n/16. Based on these structures, some methods are developed for constructing MA 2 ^m 4¹ designs for 5n/16<m<n/2 as well as for n/2≤m<n. When m≤5n/16, there is no general method for constructing MA 2 ^m 4¹ designs. In this case, we obtain lower bounds for A ₃₀ and A ₃₁, where A ₃₀ and A ₃₁ are the numbers of type 0 and type 1 words with length three respectively. And a method for constructing weak minimum aberration (WMA) 2 ^m 4¹ designs (A ₃₀ and A ₃₁ achieving the lower bounds) is demonstrated. Some MA or WMA 2 ^m 4¹ designs with 32 or 64 runs are tabulated for practical use, which supplement the tables in Wu and Zhang (1993), Zhang and Shao (2001) and Mukerjee and Wu (2001).     

美国国内政治与第一次台海危机中《台湾决议案》的出台

从美国国内政治的角度,对第一次台海危机中《台湾决议案》的出台进行个案研究,探讨决议出台时美国国内的政治环境、行政部门提出决议的国内政治动因和国会迅速通过决议的国内政治因素等。《台湾决议案》的迅速出台与美国国内的政治因素有着直接关系,该决议的出台也对此后的美国国内政治产生很大影响。它标志着国会在战争决策权方面对总统的第一次实质性退让,无形中扩大了总统的战争决策权力,致使此后总统的战争决策权力不断膨胀,并最终导致了"帝王式总统"的出现和总统与国会在战争决策权问题上的严重冲突。     

Blocking in two-level non-regular fractional factorial designs

In this paper we consider screening experiments where a two-level fractional factorial design is to be used to identify significant factors in an experimental process and where the runs in the experiment are to occur in blocks of equal size. A simple method based on the foldover technique is given for constructing resolution IV orthogonal and non-orthogonal blocked designs and examples are given to illustrate the process.