New community governance in small rural towns: the Australian experience

State and federal governments in Australia have developed a range of policy instruments for rural areas in Australia that are infused with a new sense of ‘community’, employing leading concepts like social capital, social enterprise, community development, partnerships and community building. This has encouraged local people and organisations to play a greater role in the provision of their local services and has led to the development of a variety of ‘community’ organisations aimed at stemming social and economic decline. In Victoria, local decision-making, before municipal amalgamations, gave small towns some sense of autonomy and some discretion over their affairs. However, following municipal amalgamations these small towns lost many of the resources—legal, financial, political, informational and organisational—associated with their former municipal status. This left a vacuum in these communities and the outcome was the emergence of local development groups. Some of these groups are new but many of them are organisations that have been reconstituted as groups with a broader community focus. The outcomes have varied from place to place but overall there has been a significant shift in governance processes at community level. This paper looks at the processes of ‘community governance’ and how it applies in a number of case studies in Victoria.     

借款调查是预防资金投放风险发生的重要手段

投放借款是农村合作基金会融资活动的主要内容之一。本文就农村合作基金会借款调查的必要性、内容和具体措施等问题谈一些看法,旨在对农村合作基金会有所帮助。     

Landowners’ perspectives on the rural future and the role of forests across Europe

Contemporary changes in rural Europe have been characterised by the contrasting terms of rural modernisation and productivism versus restructuring and post-productivism. This study investigates how different categories of owners of farm and/or forestland in 16 case study areas in eight European countries perceive future development. Landowners’ prospects for change are investigated on both the locality and enterprise level. Special attention is given to the role of forestry as a potential future development perspective. The results reveal that both restructuring and modernisation perspectives are important to many landowners. Moreover, a polarisation seems to be developing between a minority of full-time farmers with progressive farming prospects and the vast majority of landowners with declining prospects or little dependency on primary production. More importantly, the research reveals a third employment perspective, which did not have any specific content apart from the social security of having employment opportunities in the locality. Also at the enterprise level, farmers anticipate both restructuring and modernisation practices, even on the very same property. The study proves that it is not only part-time, hobby and retired farmers that are engaged in “restructuring” activities, but also full-time farmers. As regards the role of forests, the majority of landowners do not interpret forests in an economic development context, but as green infrastructure important to the local quality of life. It can be concluded that forests are closely related to restructuring thinking among landowners. Future perspectives differ from one European rural area to another, dependent on local conditions and problems. More importantly, however, this research reveals that modernisation–restructuring thoughts and practices of landowners are manifold and heterogeneous in all types of rural areas across Europe.     

乡村精英与农村发展

乡村精英历来是推动农村发展的一支重要力量,然而对其研究相对不多。文章从乡村精英的性质、特点及作用等方面对其进行了初步的分析,力求对如何更好发挥乡村精英的作用有所探讨。文章认为能够调动更多的社会资源是精英的本质属性,能够作为村民的榜样和模范,给群体带来更多的利益是其社会属性。为了更好地发挥乡村精英的作用,应该改进体制,创造良好的创业环境,加强党在基层的领导作用,发挥乡村群众的巨大力量。     

乡村振兴战略下的乡村文化产业研究

党的十九大报告中,首次提出"实施乡村振兴战略",坚持农业农村优先发展。这为新时代农业农村发展指明了方向、明确了重点。乡村振兴需要迎合人们回归热土的意愿,要发展更离不开好的政策来扶持。现阶段,乡村基础设施落后,生态资源遭到破坏,人才流失严重,这些问题严重阻碍了乡村振兴的道路。文化产业是新兴的产业,其前景广阔,受到社会各界的高度关注。乡村振兴战略和乡村文化产业相结合是新时代发展的必然结果。乡村文化产业依托区域和民族地区的文化资源,将文化遗产保护、文化传承、产业开发和创业就业融为一体,将美丽乡村、风俗文化、历史文化等特色资源有效的整合在一起,增加乡村发展动力,与乡村振兴战略高度契合,是乡村实现振兴的重要途径之一。     

民族旅游场域中新乡贤的成长路径与社区角色研究

乡村旅游发展推动了乡村社会关系的转变,创造了新乡贤培育的时代舞台。民族旅游场域培育出了多元化的乡贤结构,其中新乡贤可分为本土乡民类的"守土"乡贤、"返土"乡贤,以及旅游移民类的"外来"乡贤和"外籍"乡贤。尽管旅游新乡贤群体内部异质性较高,但持有不同经济、社会和文化资本的个体都实现了向综合精英型乡贤的多级跳跃及角色转换。新乡贤在民族旅游社区中扮演着文化传承者、创业示范者、社区融合者和文化传播者等多重角色。同时,多元社区角色间存在着一定的共性:对传统文化的保护与利用是旅游新乡贤的基本实践;经济能人是他们的成长基底;文化代理人的公益性与经济能人的代表性打开了新乡贤与政府沟通交流的渠道,承袭了传统社会"国家-士绅-民众"中的中介角色,践行了新时代背景下"双轨制"的乡村治理道路。     

Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: Modifications due to human-induced stress

Wildlife-human interactions are increasing in prevalence as urban sprawl continues to encroach into rural areas. Once considered to be unsuitable habitat for most wildlife species, urban/suburban areas now host an array of wildlife populations, many of which were previously restricted to rural or pristine habitats. The presence of some wildlife species in close proximity to dense human populations can create conflict, forcing resource managers to address issues relating to urban wildlife. However, evidence suggests that wildlife residing in urban areas may not exhibit the same life history traits as their rural counterparts because of adaptation to human-induced stresses. This creates difficulty for biologists or managers that must address problems associated with urban wildlife. Population control or mitigation efforts aimed at urban wildlife require detailed knowledge of the habits of wildlife populations in urban areas. This paper describes the history of wildlife in urban areas, provides examples of wildlife populations that have modified their behavior as an adaptation to urban stresses, and discusses the challenges that resource managers face when dealing with urban wildlife.     

农村专业技术协会的组织制度与运行机制

介绍了农村专业技术协会的组建原则与方法、民主管理制度、利润分配制度及其产权结构安排,并从决策机制、激励机制、积累与发展机制、约束机制等方面介绍协会的运行机制,探讨其存在的主要问题,并提出进一步发展的政策建议     

山西农村贫困人口收入现状及原因分析

目前我国正处于一个社会转型的关键时期,社会面貌发生着深刻而巨大的变化,同时社会中的各种矛盾也显现出来,并日益突出。农村贫困问题已经成为社会主义市场经济发展过程中急需解决的一个突出问题。对山西农村贫困人口收入现状及原因进行综合分析,以促进山西新农村的建设和经济的协调发展。     

“镜湖诗”中的陆游晚年农村市场生活

在晚年的贫困面前,陆游大胆地突破了封建士大夫思想的束缚,积极投身到当时江南地区方兴未艾的农村市场市镇发展热潮中并使自己家庭的生活得以改善。在陆游的“镜湖诗”中有不少篇什以自叙的方式记录了陆游本人和他的家庭在农村市场经济发展大潮中的生存状态和应对措施,本文意在通过对这部分诗歌的分析,全方位地了解诗人晚年围绕农村市场的活动轨迹,进而获取极为宝贵的了解南宋时期江南农村社会经济发展及其对农民生活生产和思想观念所产生影响的第一手材料。