WTO保障措施的适用

结合国际贸易中的实际案例,文章对WTO保障措施中“未预见到的情况、进口数量增加、严重损害或严重损害威胁”等适用条件进行了分析,探讨了在适用WTO保障措施中较易引发争议的问题、缔约各方的分歧及WTO制度为解决这些问题与分歧所做的努力,对我国在采取保障措施或应对其他缔约方所采取的保障措施中应予注意的问题提出了建议。     

历史的真实胜于诡辩和抵赖——与否定南京大屠杀的日本右翼人士斗争的历史回顾

否定南京大屠杀,否定日本侵华史,是从战时日本当局,到战后的日本右翼学者与政客,一以贯之的政治宣传和喧嚣,背后隐藏着他们险恶的政治用心和蛊惑人心、颠倒是非的目的。中国人民与世界上主持正义的人士为了维护历史的真实与人类的正义,与他们进行了长期的斗争。世界正义的潮流浩浩荡荡,不可阻挡。在中国人民与世界人民,包括日本有识之士的共同努力下,日本一些右翼学者与政客推翻战后"远东国际军事法庭"对南京大屠杀案和日本战犯的判决的言论与企图,都是注定要失败的。而中日人民世代友好与世界和平之船必将乘风破浪,勇往直前!     

Manufacturer suggested retail prices,loss aversion and competition

We study a model of vertical relations with imperfect retail competition in which a fraction of the consumers display reference-dependent demand with respect to the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. We demonstrate that in equilibrium the suggestion will either be undercut or complied with by the retailers, but never surpassed: undercutting occurs if competition is fierce, the impact from consumers affected by reference-dependent preferences is significant, and high price suggestions are credible; compliance occurs otherwise. We provide comparisons, and discuss implications, for consumer surplus for the scenarios with suggested retail prices, without vertical restraints and with resale price maintenance.     

Identity maintenance and identity shift: the case of the Tirok Chinese Peranakan in Terengganu

This paper examines the state of identity maintenance and identity shift among the Tirok Chinese Peranakan in Terengganu who are an acculturated rural Chinese community in a Malay populated area. The current older generation still maintains the Peranakan identity, featuring strong Malay cultural influence. Their acculturation by the larger Malay community could be attributed to the combination of three factors: confinement to a Malay environment, common schooling with the local Malays and strong Sino-Malay ties. Malay cultural influence is most evident in their spoken language, building architecture, dressing style, cuisine, eating habits and female inheritance rights. However, amidst acculturation, they still maintain a strong Chinese identity that has been manifested through their observance of Chinese religious and cultural practices, their usage of the Chinese dialect as the home language, their preference for wearing Chinese-style attire in public and their preference for intra-ethnic marriages. But the Peranakan identity has been eroded over the years. There is a noticeable identity shift among the current younger generation as new intervening socio-cultural factors have reduced their interactions with the local Malays and heightened their Chinese identity. The degree of identity shift, however, differs between the current second and third generations and also between those who have moved to town and those who remain in Tirok.     

Disaster‐time Economy and an Economy of Morals: A Different Economic Order from the Market Economy under Globalization*

With the experience of two severe disasters (the Hanshin Awaji Earthquake disaster of 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster of 2011), I wish to consider “subsistence” as human life, existence equaling the basic activities of life, an essential mutual act‐like existence economy. In this paper, I pursue a positive development of “disaster‐time economics” as a research object under the larger framework of the formation of a “moral economy,” as part of a critical process. In this paper, in order that a stricken area and society may aim at the realization of a new methodology about “creative revival” for newly developing independent research involving the state of the revival fund of a wide sense is carried out. Nevertheless, there is an overall understanding of who, in what areas, and using what methodology, has conducted research in the restoration and revival process, as well as the weak points that tend to hinder the process. There is no research on the rationality and function of public finance expenditures or national sources expenditures. Therefore, in this paper, the term “disaster‐time economy” is newly prepared. From this concept, many activities of the project, service, support, self‐efforts etc. of a social and private domain are grasped from a public sphere in connection with the process of maintenance/restoration under the disaster. The feature and subject point of the process are clarified. The market economy order that is going to be produced in this process does the basic work and determines the economic order for another self‐subsistence over life.     

Challenges to Aging in Place: Understanding Home Maintenance Difficulties

Age-related declines in capabilities may compromise older adults’ ability to maintain their homes, threatening successful aging in place. Structured interviews were conducted with 44 independently living older adults (mean age = 76.1, standard deviation = 4.7) to discuss difficult home maintenance tasks and how they managed those tasks. Solutions to managing difficulties were categorized as person-related or environment-related. The majority (85%) of responses were person-related solutions. An understanding of the specific challenges that older adults face in maintaining their homes can guide redesign efforts and interventions to effectively support older adults’ desire to age in place.     

Tourist number prediction of historic buildings by singular spectrum analysis

A wooden historic building located in Tibet, China, experienced structural damage when subjected to tourists visit. This kind of ancient building attends to too many visitors every day because heritage sites never fail to attract tourists. There should be a balance between accepting the visitors and the protection of historic buildings considering the importance of the cultural relics. In this paper, the singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is used for forecasting the number of tourist for the building management to exercise maintenance measures to the structure. The analyzed results can be used to control the tourist flow to avoid excessive pedestrian loading on the structure. The relationship between the measured acceleration from the structure and the tourist number is firstly studied. The root-mean-square (RMS) value of the measured acceleration in the passage route of the tourist is selected for forecasting future tourist number. The forecasting results from different methods are compared. The SSA is found slightly outperforms the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), the X-11-ARIMA model and the cubic spline extrapolation in terms of the RMS error, mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error for long-term prediction, whereas the opposite is observed for short-term forecasting.     

The Optimal Preventive Maintenance Policy for the Multistate System Profit

Here, the problem of preventive maintenance optimization for the multistate system is investigated considering a three-state system. The optimal numbers of preventive maintenance that maximize the expected profit values of this system are evaluated and these numbers are then used to increase the three-state system availability.     

MRO inventory reduction—challenges and management: a case study of the Tennessee Valley Authority

Emphasis on maintenance, repair, and operations inventory (or MRO inventory) can lead to improved inventory control, reduced operational costs, enhanced productivity, and increased cost accounting accuracy. To review the benefits of MRO inventory reduction, as well as highlight the management challenges associated with the process, a case study of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is presented. TVA is a not-for-profit electric power generation entity. TVA standardised inventory policies and procedures. Their comprehensive five-year plan included employee training, changes in organisational structure and strategy, reduced MRO inventories and the establishment of new growth drivers. Net inventory reductions of $47 million were realised. Suggestions for future MRO inventory reductions as well as replication of the management involvement and improvement process in other organisations are included.     

The way bullying works: How new ties facilitate the mutual reinforcement of status and bullying in elementary schools

This study addresses the puzzle how high-status bullies in elementary school are able to maintain high status among their classmates despite bullying (some of) them. The dynamic interplay between bullying and status was studied, focusing on how relational bullying affects the creation, dissolution, and maintenance of status attributions, and vice versa. Longitudinal round-robin peer nomination data were obtained from 82 school classes in 15 Dutch elementary schools (2055 students; 50% boys) followed over three yearly measurements, starting out in grades 2–5 when students were aged 8-11. An age-dependent effect of bullying on the creation of new status attributions was found. Whereas the youngest group punished bullying by a refusal to attribute status to the bully, this turned into a reward of bullying in the oldest groups. Unexpectedly, high-status bullies seemed to avoid continual bullying of the same victims, pointing to explanations of why their status can persist.