东汉防灾赈灾措施

东汉防灾赈灾措施刘太祥天灾人祸是导致社会矛盾激化，影响社会安定的重要因素。天灾是自然给人类所造成的祸害，主要指旱、蝗虫、水涝、风雹、地震、疾疫等自然灾害，给人民带来物质上和生活上的损害和破坏。人祸是人为因素给人民带来的灾难，事在人为，人存政举，人亡政...     

The use of savings as a family resource management strategy to meet child rearing costs

This study examines the effect of children on family savings decisions over the life cycle. The model used is a multinomial logit budget share allocation model. The data are from the 1982 Canadian Family Expenditure Survey Data. Results indicate that the addition of a child to a family results in fewer assets being accumulated than if the child was not present. As much as 43% of direct child rearing costs may be met through this substitution out of future consumption. Closer analysis reveals that accrual of housing equity is relatively unaffected by child's presence and that substitutions occur primarily out of other types of savings instruments.The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant #1498-85-0005), the Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison and the College of Home Economics, University of Saskatchewan. However, all opinions expressed are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of our sponsors. Special thanks is due Susan Bruns for outstanding research and computer programming assistance. The authors accept responsibility for any errors or omissions. All correspondence should be directed to Prof. Douthitt at 1300 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.Robin A. Douthitt received her Ph.D. from Cornell University. She is an Associate Professor, Department of Consumer Science and the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Her research interests include the relationship between child support awards and child rearing costs, and family time use.Joanne M. Fedyk received her M.S. from the University of Saskatchewan. She is currently an Assistant Professor in the College of Home Economics, University of Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada. Her research interests include both the cost of raising children and the valuation of homemaking services.     

刘邦施行过楚爵制己有实证

刘邦施行过楚爵制己有实证朱绍侯二十级军功爵制是秦汉政权共行的爵位制度。《汉书》卷十九《百官公卿表》有明确的记载：“爵一级曰公士、二上造、三簪、四不更、五大夫、六官大夫、七公大夫、八公乘、九五大夫、十左庶长、十一右庶长、十二左更、十三中更、十四右更、十...     

A Note on an Unbiased Test of Homogeneity of Variances

A necessary and sufficient condition for unbiasedness of the test of homogeneity of variances in normal samples is derived in a convenient form. In the case of two samples, it is shown that Bartlett's test is the only unbiased test of homogeneity of variances. A simple alternative proof of the unbiasedness of Bartlett's test in the general case is also provided.     

Minimax subset selection for the multinomial distribution

Let (X₁,…,X_k) be a multinomial vector with unknown cell probabilities (p₁,?,p_k). A subset of the cells is to be selected in a way so that the cell associated with the smallest cell probability is included in the selected subset with a preassigned probability, P¹. Suppose the loss is measured by the size of the selected subset, S. Using linear programming techniques, selection rules can be constructed which are minimax with respect to S in the class of rules which satisfy the P¹-condition. In some situations, the rule constructed by this method is the rule proposed by Nagel (1970). Similar techniques also work for selection in terms of the largest cell probability.     

The two-sample t test versus satterthwaite's approximate f test

A comparison between the two-sample t test and Satterthwaite's approximate F test is made, assuming the choice between these two tests is based on a preliminary test on the variances. Exact formulas for the sizes and powers of the tests are derived. Sizes and powers are then calculated and compared for several situations.     

Testing a main effect in a three factor mixed model

In the present paper, the author has considered and compared the power of three test procedures, based on two preliminary tests of significance (PTS), for testing a main effect in a three factor factorial experiment. Davenport and Webster (1973) type test statistics are used in the final test. Recommendation for a suitable size of PTS has been made so that the power of a test procedure is adequately high.     

SIZE AND SHAPE AS LINEAR COMBINATIONS OF UNTRANSFORMED MEASUREMENTS

A numerical specification of ‘size’ and ‘shape’ is of interest for making interpretations in morphometrics. Starting from a, possibly large, set m ₁,…, m_r of size measurements, e.g. m ₁= height, m ₂= sitting height, etc., a preliminary analysis provides the set x ₁,…,x_p of size measurements to be used, e.g. x ₁= m ₁? m ₂= subischial leg length, x ₂= m ₂= sitting height, and x ₃= head circumference. In general these x_j are constructed as appropriately scaled linear combinations of the original measurements. A constant term should not be included because size measurements have to be 0 if all x_j are 0. Our theory requires a (compromise) vector μof means and a matrix Σof (co)variances. Size being specified as an optimalsize characteristic of the form c ′ x , the remaining morphological information is expressed by, at most, p? 1 components of shapeof the form d ′ x. Relations with Darroch-Mosimann [9] Darroch, J. N. and Mosimann, J. E. 1985. Canonical and Principal Components of Shape. Biometrika, 72: 241–252. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]are indicated. An application to human growth is made and other applications are suggested.

Don't read my book, think for yourself.

C. R. Rao, personal communications, 1981     

Two tests for sequential detection of a change-point in a nonlinear model

In this paper, two tests, based on weighted CUSUM of the least squares residuals, are studied to detect in real time a change-point in a nonlinear model. A first test statistic is proposed by extension of a method already used in the literature but for the linear models. It is tested under the null hypothesis, at each sequential observation, that there is no change in the model against a change presence. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is given and its convergence in probability to infinity is proved when a change occurs. These results will allow to build an asymptotic critical region. Next, in order to decrease the type I error probability, a bootstrapped critical value is proposed and a modified test is studied in a similar way. A generalization of the Hájek–Rényi inequality is established.     

A Revisit to the Behrens–Fisher Problem: Comparison of Five Test Methods

We revisit the well-known Behrens–Fisher problem and apply a newly developed ‘Computational Approach Test’ (CAT) to test the equality of two population means where the populations are assumed to be normal with unknown and possibly unequal variances. An advantage of the CAT is that it does not require the explicit knowledge of the sampling distribution of the test statistic. The CAT is then compared with three widely accepted tests—Welch–Satterthwaite test (WST), Cochran–Cox test (CCT), ‘Generalized p-value’ test (GPT)—and a recently suggested test based on the jackknife procedure, called Singh–Saxena–Srivastava test (SSST). Further, model robustness of these five tests are studied when the data actually came from t-distributions, but wrongly perceived as normal ones. Our detailed study based on a comprehensive simulation indicate some interesting results including the facts that the GPT is quite conservative, and the SSST is not as good as it has been claimed in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, the trends observed in our study have not been reported earlier in the existing literature.