进化的转义

达尔文的影响力并没有很快抵达中国。近代关于他的记录出现于19世纪70年代之后的译作、报刊、私人笔记或考卷等之中。传教士、留洋人士在早期的传播中扮演了重要角色——尽管他们对于达尔文的介绍常是模糊且不得要领的。严复的杰出工作开启了一个进化的时代,但充斥在报刊和人们思想之中的是一种非达尔文式的进化观念。《物种起源》(下文称《起源》)的翻译大抵可分为两个阶段——本文关注的是第一阶段。《起源》的翻译本可以为纠正进化的误解带来希望,然而译者马君武并没有去颠覆新近形成的进化范式。通过对达尔文文本的修正,马氏尽可能地弥合:达尔文的学说与先前已被灌输给那个时代的进化观念之间的差异。本文的第二部分通过对《起源》第三章和第四章译文的解析,来探究那个年代进化的转义。     

美国高等教育投入体制对我国高等学校办学经费来源多样化的启示

政府拨款、学费、销售与服务收入、科研经费和专利收入、捐赠以及其它收入等,是美国高等教育经费的主要渠道,为美国高等教育的发展提供了坚实的资金保障。了解美国高等院校经费的筹措体制,探究和借鉴其成功经验与做法,对完善我国高等教育投资体制,广辟高等学校办学经费来源渠道,解决制约我国高等教育发展的资金"瓶颈",具有一定的启示和借鉴作用。     

论民族精神的多样性、发展性和全民性

“民族精神是一个民族赖以生存和发展的精神支撑”,具有多样性、发展性和全民性。要做好弘扬和培育民族精神的工作,让以爱国主义为核心的团结统一、爱好和平、勤劳勇敢、自强不息的民族精神深入到每个国民的心中,并传布到世界上每一个有华人的地方去。     

“合”与“散”的尴尬：——庞德的文学理论观一瞥

美国著名诗人埃兹拉.庞德常常被指责其关于＂合＂与＂散＂,＂统一＂与＂多样＂,＂单元化＂与＂多元化＂的概念混淆不清,这主要体现在他的文学、政治、经济和宗教等方面悖论式的理论阐释及其生活中的所作所为。其实庞德的这种尴尬可以通过其表意图形文字的运用以及理论得以化解,最终得知庞德的＂合/散＂悖论实为一种对立统一的形式。     

Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?1

This article employs two previously neglected indicators of racial prejudice from the British Social Attitudes surveys to examine the social distribution of prejudices against black and Asian Britons. Three hypotheses are proposed and tested: that racial prejudice is declining in Britain; that this decline is principally generational in nature; and that greater prejudice is shown towards more culturally distinct Asian minorities than black minorities. Strong evidence is found for the first two hypotheses, with evidence of an overall decline in prejudice and of a sharp decline in prejudices among generations who have grown up since mass black and Asian immigration began in the 1950s. Little evidence is found for the third hypothesis: British reactions towards black and Asian minorities are broadly similar suggesting racial differences may still be the main factor prompting white hostility to British minorities.     

丹巴的墨尔多文化

墨尔多是嘉绒地区的一位名山神,墨尔多神山是嘉绒地区的第一大神山.坐落在丹巴墨尔多神山下的墨尔多庙是一个供奉神祗十分复杂的寺庙,所供神祗有佛教,有苯教,也有道教,呈三教合流状态.墨尔多庙供奉神祗的多样性,是丹巴地区文化多元性的反映.     

文化基因：五论中华民族从多元走向一体

文化基因的理论观照，可以帮助我们从中华民族的文化底蕴上，认识中华民族从多元走向一体凝聚的奥秘，而葫芦神话则是典型案例。     

论中庸的伦理意蕴

孔子第一个明确提出“中庸”概念,并把“中庸”看作为“至德”。中庸,就是恪守中正之道、不偏不倚、无过无不及与中和之意。“中和”,是中庸的精髓。从伦理学层面看,中庸,在人与人、人与自然关系方面,追求“和而不同”的中和境界;在道德行为上,坚持“过犹不及”的理性精神;在道德选择上,发挥“随时而中”的权变智慧;在道德规范上,坚持“兼德而至”的辨证思维原则。     

Semiparametric Bayesian classification with longitudinal markers

Summary.  We analyse data from a study involving 173 pregnant women. The data are observed values of the β human chorionic gonadotropin hormone measured during the first 80 days of gestational age, including from one up to six longitudinal responses for each woman. The main objective in this study is to predict normal versus abnormal pregnancy outcomes from data that are available at the early stages of pregnancy. We achieve the desired classification with a semiparametric hierarchical model. Specifically, we consider a Dirichlet process mixture prior for the distribution of the random effects in each group. The unknown random-effects distributions are allowed to vary across groups but are made dependent by using a design vector to select different features of a single underlying random probability measure. The resulting model is an extension of the dependent Dirichlet process model, with an additional probability model for group classification. The model is shown to perform better than an alternative model which is based on independent Dirichlet processes for the groups. Relevant posterior distributions are summarized by using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.     

Children’s Time Use: Labor Divisions and Schooling in Indonesia

Data from the Worker and Iron Status Evaluation are used to examine gendered patterns in children’s time in market and nonmarket work, schooling, and leisure in Indonesia (N= 2,929). Boys spend more time in market work; girls spend more time in nonmarket work. Work responsibilities increase with age as well as gender differentials in children’s time use. By age 18, girls spend nearly 1 more hour per day working and enjoy significantly less leisure time, but the gender gap in schooling is not significant, suggesting that parents and children are committed to both work and schooling. Additionally, Tobit regression results suggest that parents’ education, household income, and rural residency are important predictors of children’s labor and schooling time.