英语教学方法与测试方法的关系

英语教学与测试方法是影响英语教学效果的主要因素,英语测试方法源于教学方法。英语教学研究史上,逐渐形成了三种不同的模式:第一代体系科学前语言测试,第二代体系心理测量学——结构主义语言学测试,第三代体系交际语言测试。与其相应的英语教学方法主要有语法翻译法,直接法和交际法。了解教学法与测试法的关系,有助于教师很好地运用教学和测试方法。     

民事诉讼中驳回起诉与驳回诉讼请求的司法界定

驳回起诉和驳回诉讼请求是两个不同的概念。实际中应从两者的性质、适用的法律和诉讼主体、采用的裁定形式、适用的内容和目的、法律后果以及上诉期限等方面对其进行界定。     

MODEL BUILDING AND DATA MINING

This paper defines the phenomenon of data mining in econometrics and discusses various outcomes of and solutions to data mining. Both classical and Bayesian approaches are considered, each with notable advantages and disadvantages, and with the choice of loss function affecting critical values. Illustrative examples include variable addition and exclusion in a standard linear regression model, the choice of lag structure in a dynamic single equation, and specification in a simultaneous equations model.     

对高校考试改革的一点思考

在素质教育的大旗下,高校考试制度的弊端日益突显,改革已是刻不容缓,我借鉴某些高校的成功做法,结合本地区的实际情况,就考试内容、考试形式等方面的改革提出一点拙见。     

Specification analysis with discriminating priors: an application to the concentration profits debate

The problem of uncertain specification and the role of hidden prior beliefs is discussed. The methods for analysing the importance of specification uncertainty developed by Leamer (1978) are discussed. When the maintained hypothesis under consideration is based on weak foundations the reporting of specification analyses for different publicly held prior hypotheses is advocated. These methods are applied to the analysis of the relationship between market structure and performance.     

A Comparison of Some Tests for Determining the Number of Nonzero Canonical Correlations

When considering the relationships between two sets of variates, the number of nonzero population canonical correlations may be called the dimensionality. In the literature, several tests for dimensionality in the canonical correlation analysis are known. A comparison of seven sequential test procedures is presented, using results from some simulation study. The tests are compared with regard to the relative frequencies of underestimation, correct estimation, and overestimation of the true dimensionality. Some conclusions from the simulation results are drawn.     

Detection of frailty in weibull lifetime data using outlier tests

Heterogeneity in lifetime data may be modelled by multiplying an individual's hazard by an unobserved frailty. We test for the presence of frailty of this kind in univariate and bivariate data with Weibull distributed lifetimes, using statistics based on the ordered Cox–Snell residuals from the null model of no frailty. The form of the statistics is suggested by outlier testing in the gamma distribution. We find through simulation that the sum of the k largest or k smallest order statistics, for suitably chosen k, provides a powerful test when the frailty distribution is assumed to be gamma or positive stable, respectively. We provide recommended values of k for sample sizes up to 100 and simple formulae for estimated critical values for tests at the 5% level.     

提高大学日语四级教学质量的基本途径

随着我国对外交流日趋频繁,特别是加入WTO后,如何提高大学日语四级教学质量,是当 务之急。本文对此提出了相应的对策:综合分析测试方法,不断改革教材、教法;提高学生的口语表达与 写作能力;传授应试技巧;加强综合训练,定期进行模拟考试。     

The Bayesian and frequentist approaches to testing a one-sided hypothesis about a multivariate mean

This paper compares the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to testing a one-sided hypothesis about a multivariate mean. First, this paper proposes a simple way to assign a Bayesian posterior probability to one-sided hypotheses about a multivariate mean. The approach is to use (almost) the exact posterior probability under the assumption that the data has multivariate normal distribution, under either a conjugate prior in large samples or under a vague Jeffreys prior. This is also approximately the Bayesian posterior probability of the hypothesis based on a suitably flat Dirichlet process prior over an unknown distribution generating the data. Then, the Bayesian approach and a frequentist approach to testing the one-sided hypothesis are compared, with results that show a major difference between Bayesian reasoning and frequentist reasoning. The Bayesian posterior probability can be substantially smaller than the frequentist p-value. A class of example is given where the Bayesian posterior probability is basically 0, while the frequentist p-value is basically 1. The Bayesian posterior probability in these examples seems to be more reasonable. Other drawbacks of the frequentist p-value as a measure of whether the one-sided hypothesis is true are also discussed.     

我国宪法基本权利条款立法具体化之必要性分析

我国宪法中的基本权利条款欲在现实生活中发挥效力,实现其所蕴含的价值的第一步是立法的具体化。文章以我国宪法文本规定的基本权利条款为样本,简要分析了基本权利条款立法具体化的现状,从基本权利的类型、效力、保障、救济等角度出发,阐述了我国宪法基本权利条款立法具体化的必要性。