1961年美英关于联合国中国代表权的分歧

20世纪50年代末60年代初,一批新独立国家成为联合国成员,美国在中国代表权问题上的“延期审议”方案在联合国难以为继。就在此时,英国在1961年改变了原来支持美国的立场,不仅反对美国的“延期审议”方案,而且公开赞成中国加入联合国。美国在中国代表权问题上迫切需要英国的合作以获得成功,因此,美国在政策调整时不得不与英国充分协商。通过这种协商,英国在很大程度上影响了美国的政策。     

企业法人目的限制外行为新探

企业经营范围不是对企业法人权利能力的限制,是对法人机关代表权的限制,法人的权利能力一律平等。法人机关的地位属性设计,应当建立在外部关系和内部关系的区分基础之上。在与第三人的外部关系上采代表说,赋予法人机关与法人一体的地位,承认法人意思构造的内部化。在法人机关与法人的内部关系上,宜采代理说,使法人机关与法人在人格上相分离,在法人机关实施目的外行为时,法人机关被视为代理人,因其过错造成法人损失时在内部对法人负责,其目的在于达成内部约束,以避免法人机关背离法人目的事业进行活动,损害法人的整体利益。     

Approximate reference priors for Gaussian random fields

Reference priors are theoretically attractive for the analysis of geostatistical data since they enable automatic Bayesian analysis and have desirable Bayesian and frequentist properties. But their use is hindered by computational hurdles that make their application in practice challenging. In this work, we derive a new class of default priors that approximate reference priors for the parameters of some Gaussian random fields. It is based on an approximation to the integrated likelihood of the covariance parameters derived from the spectral approximation of stationary random fields. This prior depends on the structure of the mean function and the spectral density of the model evaluated at a set of spectral points associated with an auxiliary regular grid. In addition to preserving the desirable Bayesian and frequentist properties, these approximate reference priors are more stable, and their computations are much less onerous than those of exact reference priors. Unlike exact reference priors, the marginal approximate reference prior of correlation parameter is always proper, regardless of the mean function or the smoothness of the correlation function. This property has important consequences for covariance model selection. An illustration comparing default Bayesian analyses is provided with a dataset of lead pollution in Galicia, Spain.     

高等学校管理学科发展性评价的 基础表征问题研究

以管理学科发展性评价指标体系选择为目的,从管理学科的属性特征表征入手,针对目前我国学科内涵发展的目标要求对管理学科评价的要点进一步分析,并通过分析管理教育国际认证的趋势特征,提出立足管理学科属性,结合内涵发展的经济社会对管理学科发展所提出的耦合性要求,通过增加国际化的维度,构建管理学科发展性评价的指标体系.     

Spectral analysis of Markov switching GARCH models with statistical inference

We derive matrix expressions in closed form for the autocovariance function and the spectral density of Markov switching GARCH models and their powers. For this, we apply the Riesz–Fischer theorem which defines the spectral representation as the Fourier transform of the autocovariance function. Under suitable assumptions, we prove that the sample estimator of the spectral density is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. Further statistical implications in terms of order identification and parameter estimation are discussed. A simulation study confirms the validity of the asymptotic properties. These methods are also well suited for financial market applications, and in particular for the analysis of time series in the frequency domain, as shown in some proposed real-world examples.     

Fiscal Foresight and Information Flows

News—or foresight—about future economic fundamentals can create rational expectations equilibria with non‐fundamental representations that pose substantial challenges to econometric efforts to recover the structural shocks to which economic agents react. Using tax policies as a leading example of foresight, simple theory makes transparent the economic behavior and information structures that generate non‐fundamental equilibria. Econometric analyses that fail to model foresight will obtain biased estimates of output multipliers for taxes; biases are quantitatively important when two canonical theoretical models are taken as data generating processes. Both the nature of equilibria and the inferences about the effects of anticipated tax changes hinge critically on hypothesized information flows. Different methods for extracting or hypothesizing the information flows are discussed and shown to be alternative techniques for resolving a non‐uniqueness problem endemic to moving average representations.     

Multiply robust matching estimators of average and quantile treatment effects

Propensity score matching has been a long-standing tradition for handling confounding in causal inference, however, requiring stringent model assumptions. In this article, we propose novel double score matching (DSM) utilizing both the propensity score and prognostic score. To gain the protection of possible model misspecification, we posit multiple candidate models for each score. We show that the debiasing DSM estimator achieves the multiple robustness property in that it is consistent if any one of the score models is correctly specified. We characterize the asymptotic distribution for the DSM estimator requiring only one correct model specification based on the martingale representations of the matching estimators and theory for local normal experiments. We also provide a two-stage replication method for variance estimation and extend DSM for quantile estimation. Simulation demonstrates DSM outperforms single-score matching and prevailing multiply robust weighting estimators in the presence of extreme propensity scores.     

Locking down adolescents: Victims,irresponsible subjects,or just social actors

The article presents the results of a qualitative study investigating the experiences of a sample of Italian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analysed in the light of the two social representations (adolescents as criminals and as victims) that permeated the Italian public debate throughout the outbreak. The findings showed the ability of boys and girls in dealing with the relationships altered by the pandemic constraints and in adapting to different regulations. This demonstrated their competence as social actors, neither criminals nor victims, who were also able to cope with the coronavirus risk in safeguarding their significant others.     

影像代偿:好莱坞电影中“精英黑人”的影像表征

影像转向的语境下，影像开始替代口头语言和文字成为受众认知世界的主要媒介。但即便是影像，也并非一定是对现实的客观再现。作为“造梦”装置的电影，以影像作为主要的表现手段，极具逼真效果，极易被误认为“现实”。在部分好莱坞电影中，黑人形象已经摆脱了早期的缺位状态或者刻板形象，更多以“精英黑人”的形象出现。但这种精英化的影像表征不一定是真实的。事实上，电影通过指涉现实等方式，消解了虚拟影像与现实之间的边界，使“精英黑人”的电影形象变得逼真和普遍，掩盖了黑人群体在现实中的真实社会地位。进而，电影作为一种影像层面的代偿，通过涵化观众的认知，在一定程度上戏剧性地消解了现实中的社会和阶级矛盾。