模态系统T的Herbrand定理

模态Herbrand定理研究是模态逻辑领域的重要开放问题.不含Barcan公式的模态系统T的Herbrand定理的获得必须完成两个方向的证明工作:首先是证明相对简单的从右到左方向;而对于相对复杂的从左到右方向,则可以通过在加标公式表列系统K的基础上增加特殊规则获得加标公式表列系统T,证明T的可靠性和完全性,并在此基础上完成从左到右方向的证明.同样的方法还可以用来证明模态系统D、K4、s4的Herbrand定理.     

尚未完成的"现代"--也谈中国现当代文学的分期

中国现代文学的上限应该定在晚清,而非"五四新文化运动".中国文学的现代性追求并未止于1949.1949只是政治划界,此后中国文学发生了许多激变,呈现出复杂的现代性样式.晚清至今的中国文学仍然属于尚未完成的现代.通常所谓从"五四"到1949年"现代文学"应该作为特殊的学术史概念来使用,而1949年至今的"当代文学"则应该理解为一个文学批评而非文学史的概念.以往所谓的"现当代文学"只是一个暂时性的提法,似乎应该为重新作出解释的现代文学所取代.     

抗战时期基督教夏令儿童会初探

夏令儿童会是近代在华诸差会为养成儿童“基督化人格”。为教会造就生力军而开展的一项涉及儿童的教会工作。随着抗日战争的到来，由中华全国基督教协进会发起倡导的夏令儿童会，在中华基督教宗教教育促进会的领导推动之下，迎难而上．除每年七八两月按时照例开办之外．并在一定程度上服务于战时难童救济工作。本文以中华全国基督教协进会月刊《中华归主》为主要资料来源，通过对其中有关夏令儿童会资料的梳理，探求国难时期协进会系统下夏令儿童会的历史真相。     

试论工科院校创新型人才培养的途径

从21世纪对创新型人才素质的需要出发,探讨了工科院校创新型人才培养的途径。强调应以更新传统教育观念,改革传统教育教学模式为根本,全面促进教育创新。应深入探索教学内容、教学方式和教学手段的改革,将新颖性、前沿性、综合性的教学内容引入课堂;应加速高校实验室的全面开放,以增加大学生参与科研实践的机会;通过开展大学生科技创新实践活动,创造有利于创新型人才培养的氛围;通过完善大学生的科技活动激励机制,以调动大学生主动进行科技探索和自觉培养创新意识的积极性。     

审视社会主义中国权力监督体系

社会主义中国权力监督体系的构建经历了一个曲折的历程 ,现已形成鲜明的特色 :中国共产党领导 ;人民群众广泛参与 ;按民主集中制的原则实施 ;协商监督等。但也存在不少缺陷 ,如权力监督意识淡化 ,权力行使者自觉接受监督的意识差 ;监督网络不严密 ,监督合力不够 ;监督维度单一 ,自上而下的监督较强 ,平行制约和自下而上监督较弱 ;人大、纪检、司法监督应有的监督功能尚未完全发挥出来等     

The transformation of Industrial Citizenship in the course of European integration

The question of the social dimension of European integration has so far remained unsettled. While on the European level, the civil and political dimension of citizenship has been strengthened, the evolution of economic and social rights are unclear, contradictory—and still under-investigated. Our contribution applies citizenship as a central category of modernization theory to inquire into European integration. In particular, our focus is set on the analysis of Economic Citizenship as a specific category of civil rights in the case of Germany. We discuss these dynamics by drawing on the example of three policy fields which illustrate various levels of Economic Citizenship. In this article we are pursuing two goals: Firstly, we revise Marshall's modernization theory against the background of European integration. Secondly, we draw attention to the concept of Industrial Citizenship, which has so far been neglected as a source of further development. We argue that in the process of European integration, industrial rights develop through a double movement, meaning an individual extension of market-based rights complemented through national de-collectivization and—connected to this—a re-stratification of market correcting rights.     

An analysis of media reporting on the closure of freestanding midwifery units in England

ProblemDespite clinical guidelines and policy promoting choice of place of birth, 14 Freestanding Midwifery Units were closed between 2008 and 2015, closures reported in the media as justified by low use and financial constraints.BackgroundThe Birthplace in England Programme found that freestanding midwifery units provided the most cost-effective birthplace for women at low risk of complications. Women planning birth in a freestanding unit were less likely to experience interventions and serious morbidity than those planning obstetric unit birth, with no difference in outcomes for babies.MethodsThis paper uses an interpretative technique developed for policy analysis to explore the representation of these closures in 191 news articles, to explore the public climate in which they occurred.Findings and discussionThe articles focussed on underuse by women and financial constraints on services. Despite the inclusion of service user voices, the power of framing was held by service managers and commissioners. The analysis exposed how neoliberalist and austerity policies have privileged representation of individual consumer choice and market-driven provision as drivers of changes in health services. This normative framing presents the reasons given for closure as hard to refute and cultural norms persist that birth is safest in an obstetric setting, despite evidence to the contrary.ConclusionThe rise of neoliberalism and austerity in contemporary Britain has influenced the reform of maternity services, in particular the closure of midwifery units. Justifications given for closure silence other narratives, predominantly from service users, that attempt to present women’s choice in terms of rights and a social model of care.     

宋子文研究综述

与其他民国时期重要历史人物的研究相比,学术界对宋子文的研究显得十分薄弱,长期以来几乎是一片空白。直到20世纪80年代,宋子文研究才逐渐引起人们的兴趣和重视,取得了可喜的成果。及时总结和梳理这些研究成果,将对宋子文研究的进一步深入有所裨益。     

科技投入对GNP产出的影响

本文依据系统工程的理论和方法,以上海市有关统计资料为实例,探讨了在客观存在的宏观社会经济闭环运行机制条件下,科技投入对国民生产总值(GNP)产出的影响问题。给出了数学模型并进行了灵敏度分析。     

艾略特诗歌的用典败笔

本文从艾略特早期哲学思想中考察其追求诗歌的“隐晦”目标，并通过中西诗学观点的比较指出艾略特的“哲学诗歌”误区，这一误区导致他在早期诗歌特别是在《荒原》中使用“生典”和“硬典”的修辞败笔。