To adjust or not to adjust for baseline when analyzing repeated binary responses? The case of complete data when treatment comparison at study end is of interest

The benefits of adjusting for baseline covariates are not as straightforward with repeated binary responses as with continuous response variables. Therefore, in this study, we compared different methods for analyzing repeated binary data through simulations when the outcome at the study endpoint is of interest. Methods compared included chi‐square, Fisher's exact test, covariate adjusted/unadjusted logistic regression (Adj.logit/Unadj.logit), covariate adjusted/unadjusted generalized estimating equations (Adj.GEE/Unadj.GEE), covariate adjusted/unadjusted generalized linear mixed model (Adj.GLMM/Unadj.GLMM). All these methods preserved the type I error close to the nominal level. Covariate adjusted methods improved power compared with the unadjusted methods because of the increased treatment effect estimates, especially when the correlation between the baseline and outcome was strong, even though there was an apparent increase in standard errors. Results of the Chi‐squared test were identical to those for the unadjusted logistic regression. Fisher's exact test was the most conservative test regarding the type I error rate and also with the lowest power. Without missing data, there was no gain in using a repeated measures approach over a simple logistic regression at the final time point. Analysis of results from five phase III diabetes trials of the same compound was consistent with the simulation findings. Therefore, covariate adjusted analysis is recommended for repeated binary data when the study endpoint is of interest. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Notes on estimation of the intraclass correlation under the AB/BA crossover trial

Under the AB/BA crossover trial, we focus our attention on estimation of the intraclass correlation in normal data. We develop both point and interval estimators in closed form for the intraclass correlation. We employ Monte Carlo simulation to study the performance of these estimators in a variety of situations. We note that the estimators developed here for the intraclass correlation remain valid even when there are possibly unexpected carry-over effects.     

Does Formal Education for Older Workers Increase Earnings? — Evidence Based on Rich Data and Long‐term Follow‐up

Governments in Europe, Canada and the USA have expressed an ambition to stimulate education of older. In this paper, we analyse if there are effects on annual earnings of formal education for participants aged 42–55 at the time of enrolment in 1994–95. The analysis explores longitudinal population register data stretching from 1982 to 2007. The method used is difference‐in‐differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including indicators of health and labor market marginalization. Our findings underline the importance of long follow up periods and imply positive effects for women, especially so for women with children, and no significant average earnings effects for men. These results differ from earlier studies but are stable to several alternative assumptions regarding unobservable characteristics. Data further indicate that the gender gap in our estimates may stem from differences in underlying reasons for enrolment.     

变迁中国家治理模式的类型分析及其启示

自20世纪70年代以来,一些发达国家的政府组织经历了重大的变革,治理成为许多国家改革的新趋势。作者着重分析了国家治理模式的4种类型,即市场式政府、参与式政府、弹性式政府和解制式政府,其治理精神对于我国的行政改革和治理模式的创新,包括政府治理理念的重建、政府结构的优化以及政府运作方式和过程的创新有着很大的借鉴意义。     

谈陀思妥耶夫斯基中短篇小说创作的“我在之思”

作为一个1 9世纪的文坛巨匠,陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品之所以能在今天散发越来越撼人的魅力,是什么在作怪呢?笔者认为,是"诗者之思"的力量."思"是人的一种建立在"自我认同体验"基础上的"自我内在批判"."思"可以为文学培养生命的感受力与审美的体验力,并同时为文学积淀价值的光辉.陀思妥耶夫斯基在他毕生的文学创作中不断的在心理体验(忧郁,虚无,安宁)中认同自我,触动那深层的令人生畏的自我,然后在不断的心理认识(困惑,焦虑)中反思自我,拷问那灵魂的令己不安的此在.是"诗中有思"让陀思妥耶夫斯基的文学风格达到了一个难以逾越的巅峰.     

TESL课堂学生回答问题偏差的心理分析

学生课堂回答问题从根本上讲是一个心理过程。为什么学生英语课堂回答问题会出现偏差?这似乎与个人信息处理有关。本文从信息加工理论出发,阐述一个观点:学习者回答问题过程中受思维操作系统和情感意志系统的影响。这两个系统的某些方面会对学习者回答问题产生负面影响,由此导致学生课堂回答问题发生偏差。同时,对TESL课堂教师提问提出了一些建议。     

都市型农业可持续发展的理论与实践

都市型农业作为一种生长于大都市中或城市化地区的现代农业 ,功能多样化和空间布局的无明显城乡边界是其显著特征。随着工业化和城市化进程的加快 ,目前已形成了设施农业、市民农园、零星插花型农业等多种都市型农业实践形式。我国都市型农业由于发展时间较短 ,无论是从农业管理体制、农业科技整体水平等外部环境 ,还是从生产要素投入、功能定位、土地流转机制等内部管理机制方面 ,都还存在着诸多问题。为此 ,必须高起点制定都市型农业发展的总体规划 ,以技术创新为原动力 ,以科学有效的土地流转机制为前提 ,以农业产业化为突破口 ,以企业化管理为运行机制 ,以完善的农产品体系为渠道 ,才能实现都市型农业的可持续发展。     

《周易》时间问题的现象学探问

《周易》时间问题是一个烦难的问题,也是一个为今天的易学研究所忽视甚至遗忘的问题。其实,《周易》是先秦古籍中最集中而深致地关注与论述时间问题的一部典籍。其时间观,是在原始文化的人文土壤中滋生出来的,具有独特的人文素质、品格与精神。《周易》的筮符结构就是它独特的"时"结构;而所谓"命运",表述的是一种处于神性时间与人性时间之际的巫性时间。"知几,其神乎"正是《周易》对这种巫性时间的趋于哲理内涵的追问。它显示了一种现象学的意义。用现象学的理论与方法,努力对周易时间观作深度解读,以"在"的提问会应《周易》"时"的价值与意义,在反思与批评中揭橥《周易》时间观特点。在众多的巫术文化中,唯有《周易》巫筮转嬗、成长为以哲理、伦理为主的史文化,这与它的巫性时间观有着密切的人文联系。