Estimation of Distribution Functions Using Data from Different Environments

Suppose that when a unit operatesin a certain environment, its lifetime has distribution G,and when the unit operates in another environment, its lifetimehas a different distribution, say F. Moreover, supposethe unit is operated for a certain period of time in the firstenvironment and is then transferred to the second environment.Thus we observe a censored lifetime in the first environmentand a failure time of a ``used' unit in the second environment.We propose an EM algorithm approach for obtaining a self-consistentestimator of F. Moreover, suppose using observations from both environments.The case where failure times are subject to right censoring isconsidered as well. We also establish the maximum likelihoodestimator of F. Moreover, suppose when the unit is repairable. Applicationand simulation studies are presented to illustrate the methodsderived.     

Martingale generalizations and preservation of martingale properties

This article investigates circumstances under which seven important martingale properties are preserved by the following six martingale generalizations: quasimartingales, amarts, martingales in the limit, games fairer with time, progressive martingales, and eventual martingales.     

Covariate Order Tests for Covariate Effect

A new approach for constructing tests for association between a random right censored life time variable and a covariate is proposed. The basic idea is to first arrange the observations in increasing order of the covariate and then base the test on a certain point process defined by the observation times. Tests constructed by this approach are robust against outliers in the covariate values or misspecification of the covariate scale since they only use the ordering of the covariate. Of particular interest is a test based on the Anderson-Darling statistic. This test has good power properties both against monotonic and nonmonotonic dependencies between the covariate and the life time variable.     

A Minimum Distance Estimation Approach to the Two-Sample Location-Scale Problem

As reported by Kalbfleisch and Prentice (1980), the generalized Wilcoxon test fails to detect a difference between the lifetime distributions of the male and female mice died from Thymic Leukemia. This failure is a result of the test's inability to detect a distributional difference when a location shift and a scale change exist simultaneously. In this article, we propose an estimator based on the minimization of an average distance between two independent quantile processes under a location-scale model. Large sample inference on the proposed estimator, with possible right-censorship, is discussed. The mouse leukemia data are used as an example for illustration purpose.     

自我概念在人际互动中的应用

自我概念对于个体保持内在一致性、对事物做出准确的判断具有积极作用。目前心理学界对自我概念的结构做出了不同的划分。文章从社会互动的角度,提出自我概念应包括"主我"、"客我"和"他我",并进一步探讨了自我概念在人际互动中的作用。     

美籍犹太作家辛格笔下的愚者意蕴

当代美国著名犹太作家艾·巴·辛格以垂死的犹太民族语言意第绪语,创造出了一系列被西方人认为是犹太民族原型的文学典型———愚者形象。文章结合犹太民族的苦难历史和现状、辛格本人在美国的实际境况以及他笔下的愚者受人嘲弄而不被认同的三种情况,深入剖析三种"局外人"的内因,并具体分析了它们的内涵,从而得出结论认为:三种"局外人"都在渴求和平的人道主义。     

坚持辩证唯物主义反对唯心主义

当代中国马克思主义哲学同形形色色唯心主义的斗争是在某些人公开否认马克思主义哲学的条件下,通过对意识形态阵地的占领与反占领、指导与反指导这样新的形式表现出来.譬如"物吾两忘论",否认主体与客体的对立统一关系,否认马克思主义哲学是认识世界和改造世界的认识论和方法论的知识体系;"三分说"否认理论联系实际的基本原则;"主宰和支配客观规律说"片面夸大人的主观能动作用;"当代中国哲学自觉走向人学论"企图用人学来取代马克思主义哲学在当代中国的指导地位.对于这样一些倾向和思潮,我们必须坚决予以批驳和反对,以巩固和捍卫马克思主义哲学阵地.     

试论中国房产税的功能发挥与立法改革

中国房产税目前应着重发挥其调控经济和控制房价的功能,即通过税收立法手段改变投资者及投机者的经济预期,以稳定房价并使房屋还原居住属性的真实面目。通过执行超额累进税率并充分扩大税基,来保护正常购房者的合理住房需求并抑制投资投机需求。同时,根据政策需要逐步由超额累进税率转变为较低的比例税率。     

Welfare generosity, pregnancies and abortions among unmarried AFDC recipients

Even before the 1996 overhaul of the U.S. welfare system, a number of states had ended the practice of paying extra benefits to families who have additional children while receiving welfare. Proponents believe that this reform can reduce births to recipients, however many worry that it may encourage women to obtain abortions. Using a sample of unmarried AFDC recipients from the NLSY, we estimate a bivariate probit model of pregnancy and, conditional on becoming pregnant, the probability of abortion. Our results lend some support for the proposition that reducing incremental AFDC benefits will decrease pregnancies without increasing abortions. Received: 16 April 1998/Accepted: 11 March 1999     

算子的型与指标选择

本文定义了弱*(p,q)型算子,并且通过对强(p,q)型算子指标选择结论的推广,得到了弱(p,q)型算子以及弱*(p,q)型算子指标选择的结论。