正确理解隐喻引起的词汇变化

本文首先分析了隐喻对词汇的变化所产生的影响,包括:一词多义、词性转换、复合造词和成语,然后提出了提高隐喻认知能力的有效对策:扩大基本词汇量、掌握隐喻产生的基础以及重视语境对隐喻理解的作用。     

关于公共行政变革与行政行为理论发展的探索

随着公共行政变革的逐步深入,原有的行政行为理论已经不再适应现实发展的需要。因此,有必要突破原有思维的影响,进一步界定行政行为的概念,扩展其范围,以改造和发展现有的行政行为理论,促进行政法学和行政法治的发展,适应公共行政变革的要求。     

Maximum expected entropy transformed Latin hypercube designs

Existing projection designs (e.g. maximum projection designs) attempt to achieve good space-filling properties in all projections. However, when using a Gaussian process (GP), model-based design criteria such as the entropy criterion is more appropriate. We employ the entropy criterion averaged over a set of projections, called expected entropy criterion (EEC), to generate projection designs. We show that maximum EEC designs are invariant to monotonic transformations of the response, i.e. they are optimal for a wide class of stochastic process models. We also demonstrate that transformation of each column of a Latin hypercube design (LHD) based on a monotonic function can substantially improve the EEC. Two types of input transformations are considered: a quantile function of a symmetric Beta distribution chosen to optimize the EEC, and a nonparametric transformation corresponding to the quantile function of a symmetric density chosen to optimize the EEC. Numerical studies show that the proposed transformations of the LHD are efficient and effective for building robust maximum EEC designs. These designs give projections with markedly higher entropies and lower maximum prediction variances (MPV''s) at the cost of small increases in average prediction variances (APV''s) compared to state-of-the-art space-filling designs over wide ranges of covariance parameter values.     

转型期高校学生思想教育难点问题的理性思考

当前,我国正处在由计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转型时期,大学生的思想教育面临着许多不容忽视的问题,其中问题成因,既有客观因素之影响,也有主观原因所致,需要我们在工作中有针对性地加强教育和引导。     

法律近代化与济弱功能的弱化

中国法律近代化基本上是西方法系移植的结果,在公平、自由的形式下,把底层劳动者置于弱势地位,因社会转型政府集中力量致力于自强与独立使其付出的代价,无法得到补偿和救济;而传统的社会救济体系已被打破,下层民众得不到政府的关照,处于生存危机状态。     

当代中国行政文化大转型与政府职能的大转变

改革开放二十多年来,无论是客观行政环境的驱动,还是主观指向的变革,都在促使中国行政文化朝着更高的层次转型,这种转型在一定程度上促进了当代政府职能的转变.     

渐进过程中的政府职能转变:价值、动因与阻力

在现代社会,作为工具性的政府是建立在合目的性的基础上的,是产生于社会并服务于社会的组织体;政治越发展,政府就越能增进与实现公共利益。因而,公共性是现代政府的价值追求,在转变政府职能过程中,不能违背、侵蚀这一价值定位。在转型的中国,政府存在并运转于一定的空间中,具体的政治、经济、文化等要素集结成一定层级政府的任务环境,它们形成了推动政府职能转变的强大动力,也影响着政府职能转变的效度。政府职能转变之所以步履维艰、过程之所以呈现出渐进的特征,一个非常重要的原因在于它受到来自政府、市场和社会等多重因素的影响:全能政府的惯性、职责同构的弊端、市场质量的影响和社会发育的迟缓以及现实利益的阻隔。政府职能的转变不仅取决于政府自身的作为,市场质量、社会组织的自组织力也是影响其效度的重要函数。因而,在相当长的时间里,政府职能转变仍然会是行政改革中的重要议题。     

史学：在主观与客观之间——从顾颉刚难题到层累说的变型

如何在现代学术立场上,证明古书、古史的真伪是史学理论研究的重要课题,从“顾颉刚难题”到“汉代改造说”、“古代文献不断重写”,层累理论不断发展,我们对此进行了深入剖析。今天的史学研究中有把王国维和顾颉刚刻意对立起来的倾向,其实他们活着的时候也不是这样。二重证据法和层累说应当结合起来,用二重证据法探讨古史真相,用层累说积极的一面,研究传说演变,那么,我们古史研究又会是一番新的景象。     

社会改造的理想与政治稳定的现实——二十年来大陆社区建设的一般分析与发展进路

社区建设是现代社会发展需要的反映,是社会管理与控制向社会治理与服务迈进的必然要求和具体体现。社区建设运动契合了社会发展的客观规律和趋势,蕴含着深刻的社会发展理念,也寄托着政府改造社会的理想。但由于政府开展社区建设的初衷和直接目的是解决社会转型和体制转轨中的社会问题,并非基于对社会发展规律的清醒把握和自觉追求,在政治稳定的框架内实现社会改造的理想面临着重重矛盾,举步维艰。新农村建设为陷于尴尬和彷徨中的城市社区建设提供了重生和质变的契机。     

Variable selection for recurrent event data via nonconcave penalized estimating function

Variable selection is an important issue in all regression analysis and in this paper, we discuss this in the context of regression analysis of recurrent event data. Recurrent event data often occur in long-term studies in which individuals may experience the events of interest more than once and their analysis has recently attracted a great deal of attention (Andersen et al., Statistical models based on counting processes, 1993; Cook and Lawless, Biometrics 52:1311–1323, 1996, The analysis of recurrent event data, 2007; Cook et al., Biometrics 52:557–571, 1996; Lawless and Nadeau, Technometrics 37:158-168, 1995; Lin et al., J R Stat Soc B 69:711–730, 2000). However, it seems that there are no established approaches to the variable selection with respect to recurrent event data. For the problem, we adopt the idea behind the nonconcave penalized likelihood approach proposed in Fan and Li (J Am Stat Assoc 96:1348–1360, 2001) and develop a nonconcave penalized estimating function approach. The proposed approach selects variables and estimates regression coefficients simultaneously and an algorithm is presented for this process. We show that the proposed approach performs as well as the oracle procedure in that it yields the estimates as if the correct submodel was known. Simulation studies are conducted for assessing the performance of the proposed approach and suggest that it works well for practical situations. The proposed methodology is illustrated by using the data from a chronic granulomatous disease study.