我国贫困人口的脆弱度与贫困动态

 在贫困脆弱性和贫困动态理论的逻辑归纳与阐述基础上，利用辽宁省重点贫困县调查样本数据，采用聚类分析、脆弱度分析以及敏感度分析等方法实际测度了贫困县贫困状态的分布情况和脆弱程度；从贫困动态的角度，对贫困户1997～2006年间的贫困发生频次、深度及持续时段进行了统计分析。研究发现，各个贫困县的贫困脆弱性程度存在一定的差异，且受多重致贫因素的影响呈现出一定的类型分布特征；贫困动态的分析在一定程度上支持了贫困脆弱度的结果；贫困时段分析与以往研究发现略有不同，呈现出“暂时贫困”和“长期贫困”二者“并重”的特征，而非“单一分布”的“偏态”， 真正有效率的扶贫救济制度应当准确地锁定在持续贫困的家庭上，政策相应地要具有差异性和弹性，这样才有可能快速及时的解决攻坚阶段的贫困问题。     

Complaining Our Way to Quality: Complaints, Contracts and the Voluntary Sector

The research on which this paper is based is part of a wider study of quality assurance and the voluntary sector. The focus of this paper is on complaints procedures, as part of quality assurance mechanisms, where voluntary agencies are the contracted service providers. The authors argue that, with the introduction of contracting and particularly with its further development, the way in which complaints mechanisms currently operate will need to be revised if they are to be an effective part of the quality assurance process.     

Bayesian estimation for the Pareto income distribution

The Bayes estimators of the Gini index, the mean income and the proportion of the population living below a prescribed income level are obtained in this paper on the basis of censored income data from a pareto income distribution. The said estimators are obtained under the assumptions of a two-parameter exponential prior distribution and the usual squared error loss function. This work is also extended to the case when the income data are grouped and the exact incomes for the individuals in the population are not available. The method for the assessment of the hyperparameters is also outlined. Finally, the results are generalized for the doubly truncated gamma prior distribution. Now deceased.     

安乐死的分类——一个讨论的进路

安乐死问题上聚讼纷纭的不同声音，交织了道德的纷争与政策上的考量。因而适度的区分道德与法律问题是必要的，这其中安乐死的分类成为讨论安乐死问题的一种策略和分析路径。尽管各种分类的道德差异尚不清晰，但其中的一些基础分类已为国外的法律和司法判决所支持，成为探讨安乐死的正当性并逐步获取道德共识的进路，也为法律和公共政策谨慎处理安乐死事案提供了可行的策略。     

Low-Income Mothers' Conversations About Emotions and Their Children's Emotional Competence

This study examined the linkage between low-income mothers' conversations about emotions and their children's understanding of emotion. Forty-five low-income preschoolers and their mothers were videotaped while viewing a wordless picture book designed to elicit talk about emotions. Three maternal and child emotional language behaviors were coded from the videotapes: (a) unelaborated comments about emotions; (b) explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions; and (c) empathy-related statements. The children's questions about emotions were also coded. In a separate interview, the preschoolers were administered tasks that assessed emotional expression knowledge, emotional situation knowledge, and emotional role-taking. The results revealed that emotional situation knowledge was positively predicted by mothers' empathy-related statements. Mothers' explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions were uniquely related to emotional role-taking ability. There were very few correlations between the mothers' and children's talk about emotions. Results are discussed in terms of the functional significance of mothers' emotional language for young children's emotional competence.     

农村家庭“因教致贫”现象解读与政策建议——基于脆弱性理论视角

教育具有促进政治进步、经济发展、文化传承的正向功能。然而,"知识改变命运"作为一个真理性的命题,在我国广大农村地区似乎成为了一个悖论,出现了较大面积的"因教致贫"反常现象。农村"因教致贫"问题具有多维度性和多层面性,是一个复杂的系统性问题。一般来说,此问题涉及到农村的经济基础、自然环境、政策环境以及社会环境等各个层面,农村家庭的抗风险能力差决定了农民家庭脆弱性程度较高,较高的脆弱性是导致"因教致贫"的真正原因。因此,从就学就业先后顺序出发,引入脆弱性理论,分析"因教致贫"动态形成过程中的脆弱性因子,对农村地区"因教致贫"现象进行深入探讨和研究,并提出相应的政策建议。     

论西部贫困文化

西部贫困文化是一个建构在西部贫困区域民众的生活现状和国内外研究贫困文化的学者的大量论述基础之上的并不十分严密的概念。其实质是对西部贫困区域内人们生活方式的一种文化解读。在解读和剖析该概念的过程中,我们不难发现:西部贫困文化不等于落后文化;它是“原始性”和“制度性”综合作用的结果,其现状往往表现为“文化失范”;西部贫困文化是可变的,在全球化背景下,必然会溶入文化现代化的潮流。针对这些特点,我们一方面应在经济扶贫时关注文化扶贫,力争把文化的民族性与时代性结合起来,构建出适合西部社会发展的“规范的”文化模式。另一方面,要在西部开发中汲取西部贫困文化中的优秀成分,博采众长,努力与市场经济接轨,避免这一文化走向封闭、淘汰或西化的困境。     

Metropolitan influences on migration into poor and nonpoor neighborhoods

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three decennial US censuses are used to examine the influence of metropolitan-area characteristics on black and white households’ propensity to move into poor versus nonpoor neighborhoods. We find that a nontrivial portion of the variance in the odds of moving to a poor rather to a nonpoor neighborhood exists between metropolitan areas. Net of established individual-level predictors of inter-neighborhood migration, black and white households are more likely to move to a poor or extremely poor tract rather than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas containing many poor neighborhoods and a paucity of recently-built housing in nonpoor areas. Blacks are especially likely to move to a poor tract in metropolitan areas characterized by high levels of racial residential segregation and in which poor tracts have a sizeable concentration of blacks. White households are more likely to move to a poor than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas that have comparatively few African Americans.     

Rural poverty and disability in Ethiopia: Formidable policy challenges

Our study aims to deepen our understanding of the links between rural poverty and disability in Ethiopia. We use panel data for Ethiopia to illustrate these linkages, using rigorous econometric methodology. The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) explicitly recognise disability as a major impediment to elimination of poverty and hunger. In the current development discourse, disability has thus acquired high priority. Since disability is neither a purely medical nor a social phenomenon but an outcome of their interplay, the policy challenges are formidable.     

Agricultural economic reforms,gender inequality and poverty in Senegal

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, the agricultural sector plays a key role in the economy. In addition to supplying food, agriculture is the most important source of employment, especially for women. Through the Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PES), the Senegalese government is implementing an ambitious financing plan to improve the productivity of the agricultural sector and enhance employment opportunities for women. Our study assesses the impact of two PES measures (investment subsidies and an increase in production subsidies for the agricultural sectors) on economic growth, women's employment, poverty and inequality using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model linked to a microsimulation model. The results show that both policies have generally positive effects in reducing poverty and gender inequalities. However, investment subsidies in the agricultural sectors have stronger impacts in reducing gender inequality and poverty in the long term.