山区贫困人口与资源与环境的关系——武义县下山脱贫实践的个案剖析

近年来,随着我国经济的快速增长,社会各界日益关注山区贫困人口的生存状况,扶贫工作正在向纵深发展。本文针对山区贫困人口的贫困根源和扶贫方式,采取理论分析和实证分析相结合的方法,通过对浙江省武义县大规模的下山脱贫实践的剖析,认为山区人口贫困的导因在于当地资源和环境的制约,而当地人口与资源及环境关系的相互恶化,则是人口贫困的最终原因,因而下山脱贫是正确处理人和资源及环境关系的最佳路径。     

Seeking common ground for people: Livelihoods, governance and waste

Jam Chakro is a large International Donor-funded landfill site in Karachi, when opened in 1996 it was intended to be carefully managed by the Karachi municipal authorities. However, within weeks of opening it was overtaken by informal-sector waste workers. They are mostly poor rural migrants who have gravitated towards urban areas seeking work. Their waste sorting and recycling work, which involves burning waste, is now responsible for serious environmental degradation and poor waste management.Nearby residents are being affected by the smoke, and wish to see an end to the burning. Local authorities are under pressure to manage the waste better and wish to see an end to the recycling activities. However, initial attempts to stop these activities and relocate people, sometimes involving force, have been unsuccessful. The workers complain that they depend on the waste work for their survival.This paper is concerned with the problems caused by the informal-sector recycling work at Jam Chakro, and the need for finding environmentally and financially sustainable solutions which respect the interests of all stakeholders. It is based on fieldwork which involved detailed stakeholder identification and consultation, to ensure that different perspectives were heard and accounted for. In the light of research findings, the paper discusses some of the proposed options for integrating informal-sector livelihoods into the formal operation of the landfill site. These are based around organising waste reclamation and recycling work and enabling it to take place without burning waste.The paper proposes that the problems at Jam Chakro can in part be attributed to not having accounted for the poor in planning, necessary for developing sustainable solutions to the problems.Approximate exchange-rate at time of writing: US$1: Rs. 60.     

农村合作经济组织的发展与创新

农户作为市场主体参与竞争,越来越受小规模、分散化生产所形成的较低的组织化程度的严重制约。农民合作经济组织是发达国家农业家庭经济市场化不可替代的组织载体和有效推动器。发展农村合作经济组织,提高农户组织化程度已成为提高我国农业和农产品竞争力的必然选择。应借鉴国外合作经济组织运作经验,坚持自愿原则、进行制度创新、加强政策扶持、探索发展模式、制定法律规范,逐步引导我国农村合作经济组织走上规模化和规范化轨道。     

诗工命穷——论南宋江湖诗人的悲剧人生

南宋江湖诗人以自己的创作在中国诗歌史上形成了一个颇具影响的诗歌流派,改变了一代诗风.作为中下层知识分子,他们形成了一个较为特殊的群体:政治地位不高,几乎与普通百姓无异;大多数人并未因为享有诗名而过上优裕的生活,而是生计艰难,命运多舛.他们有的被迫干谒,受尽凌辱;有的兜售诗文,屡遭冷遇;有的饥寒交迫,穷困潦倒,甚至客死他乡,无力安葬.这些诗人沦落到如此地步,一方面与诗人自身的原因有关,如没有显赫的家庭背景,缺乏恒产,不愿走科举仕宦的道路,或嗜吟成癖和拙于生计等;另一方面更是由于封建王朝的腐朽黑暗和统治者的压制与摧残.     

Panel regression models for measuring multidimensional poverty dynamics

This work concerns the study of poverty dynamics and the analysis of the influencing socio-demographic factors. A fuzzy and multidimensional approach has been chosen in order to define two different poverty measures. A panel regression model has been estimated and particular attention has been paid to the treatment of the unobservable heterogeneity among longitudinal units. The specified model combines autoregression with variance components. The empirical analysis has been conducted using the data set of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) from 1991 to 1997. This work was co-financed by Murst funds for the projects “Occupazione e disoccupazione in Italia: misura e analisi dei comportamenti”. The paper is the result of the common work of all the authors; in particular G. Betti has written Sects. 2,5.1 and 5.3.1; A. D’Agostino has written sections 4, 5.2 and 5.4; L. Neri has written Sects. 1, 3, 5.3.2 and 6.     

Marital disruption and economic well-being: a comparative analysis

Summary.  Though there is a considerable literature concerned with the economic consequences of marital breakdown, there is still substantial disagreement in terms of its magnitude. One of the major problems underlying this debate is how economic well-being is defined. We implement several measures of well-being of monetary and multidimensional nature by using data from the European Community Household Panel. Another issue in this literature concerns selection bias of divorcing couples. We tackle this issue by using a propensity score matching technique combined with a difference-in-differences estimator. Results confirm the importance of the definition of well-being. We find a strong gender bias when using monetary measures but a considerably lower bias, and for some countries non-existent, when using non-monetary indices.     

Measuring the Propensity to Volunteer

As charities are expected to take on more and more of the provision of services to the disadvantaged, they will be calling on volunteers to support that work. The use of volunteers means important cost savings when compared to the use of paid service providers, thus giving one advantage to the voluntary sector when bidding in the mixed economy of welfare. Given the potential for increased use of volunteers, questions of motivation and commitment become very important. Volunteers make up a significant proportion of the human resources used to service social needs, yet previous research has not made it clear why and how volunteers come to give so much of themselves. This research demonstrates that there is an underlying Volunteerism–Activism Attitude which can be measured, and which holds within its four dimensions the key motivations for volunteering. Use of the scale measuring this attitude allows prediction of those people who are most likely (and least likely) to volunteer for charity activity. For charities the scale might provide a useful tool in managing the personnel with whom they are now expected to bid in the quasi-markets of service provision.     

定量分析贫困人口的营养状况-以浙江农村为例

随着国家扶贫开发力度的加大,我国农村贫困现象明显缓解,贫困人口大幅度减少,农村人口的生活状况如何?本文从营养学角度出发,利用浙江农村的数据,对浙江农村人口的营养状况以及处于营养不良危险的人口数量做一定量分析。     

Assimilation effects on poverty among immigrants in Norway

This paper discusses the question of whether or not the high incidence of poverty among immigrants in Norway persists even after immigrants have been in the country for a long period, i.e. after they have had the opportunity to integrate and adapt their skills to the expectations in their new home. While similar to traditional studies of wage assimilation, a study of assimilation in relation to poverty propensity nevertheless measures something different than labor market assimilation, and this represents the main innovation of this study. Analysis of assimilation with respect to poverty focuses on welfare for the lower end of the income distribution and for all individuals, regardless of their relationship with the labor market. It can therefore be seen to better reflect the degree to which immigrants as a whole are able to achieve at least the minimum necessary to participate in the life of their new home and avoid difficulties later on.

如何理解贫困:日本贫困研究视野下的省思

由于研究的起步较晚,国内学界对于贫困现象本身的剖析和学者的想象力还有待进一步开掘。 日本的贫困研究成果和研究径路,为我们深入贫困研究提供了一个参照系。 从理解贫困的基准、贫困的产生、贫困生活和贫困救济四个方面着手,梳理日本的贫困研究成果,并总结其对我国学界进一步深化对于贫困的认识、拓展对于贫困治理研究的若干启示,是十分必要的。 从日本的研究成果反观我国的贫困研究,为了更深入地理解贫困,我们需要全方位把握农民的生活状态和生计逻辑,充分认识贫困生产机制的复杂性,并需重视用“生计术”视角观察和理解农民的生计行为,包括一些可能在一般道德立场和价值观念中受到批判的生计行为。 在国家和各级政府大力推进“精准扶贫”的今天,面对存在的诸多困境,我们也许可以从历史的脉络中、从与其他国家贫困救济史的比较中,为理解贫困治理的困境找到更明晰的谱系学定位和更深入的阐释空间。