Checkbooks in the Heartland: Change over Time in Voluntary Association Membership

Numerous scholars documented declines in America's social capital through the mid‐1990s but we do not know whether the trend has continued. Further, despite warnings by Robert Putnam and Theda Skocpol that the quality of Americans' voluntary association memberships has also deteriorated—moving from active, “face‐to‐face” memberships to passive, “checkbook” memberships—data have not been available to test this claim. In this article, we use both the Iowa Community Survey and the General Social Survey to explore the changing nature of voluntary association membership between 1994 and 2004. We demonstrate that not only are declines in voluntary association memberships continuing in the new century but there has been a shift in the intensity of voluntary association participation over time. We observe a decline in active membership over time and an increase in checkbook membership over time. These findings provide support for Putnam's claim that checkbook membership is increasing at the expense of more active types of memberships.     

Web3.0时代的图书馆

Web 3.0是互联网发展的一个阶段,它的目标是让计算机去思考.Web3.0的实现,预示着网络智能化时代的开启,互联网将朝着语义网、数据网络、智能化网络和Web3D空间等方向发展.随着Web3.0时代的来临,图书馆也会迎来Library3.0时代,应用Web3.0的理念和技术,图书馆的服务在个性化、智能检索、资源共享、虚拟空间等方面得以延伸.Web3.0时代的图书馆具有自由、开放、共享、互动等特点,读者将成为图书馆的真正主人.     

国家创新体系视角下的国家创新能力测度述评——理论方法、数据基础及中国实践

文章从国家创新体系角度,对创新能力测度相关的理论基础、方法工具、科技统计调查及中国的研究与实践进行全面梳理和分析。国家创新能力测度的发展与实践表明:国家创新体系理论(NIS理论)以系统论为指导全面考察创新活动的发生机制,为准确测度国家创新能力提供了有力支撑;不同时期形成的创新能力测度方法与当时占主流地位的创新理论密切相关;当前占主导地位的测度方法可分为建模计量法、综合指标法和DEA效率评价法三类,都是以NIS理论为支撑的;规范的科技统计调查是准确测度创新能力的前提,OECD是这方面的典范,其经验为发展中国家提供了参考依据;中国学者在测度方法的探索上有诸多独到之处,但国内科技统计调查工作仍有待进一步规范。     

基于Web的高校辅导员学生管理系统设计

文章从高校辅导员事务管理现状出发,设计并介绍了一个适用于现代高校学生管理现状的基于Web辅导员事务管理系统。     

Comparing two survey methods for estimating maternal and perinatal mortality in rural Cambodia

PURPOSE: We need solid estimates of maternal mortality rates (MMR) to monitor the impact of maternal care programs. Cambodian health authorities and WHO report the MMR in Cambodia at 450 per 100,000 live births. The figure is drawn from surveys where information is obtained by interviewing respondents about the survival of all their adult sisters (sisterhood method). The estimate is statistically imprecise, 95% confidence intervals ranging from 260 to 620/100,000. The MMR estimate is also uncertain due to under-reporting; where 80-90% of women deliver at home maternal fatalities may go undetected especially where mortality is highest, in remote rural areas. The aim of this study was to attain more reliable MMR estimates by using survey methods other than the sisterhood method prior to an intervention targeting obstetric rural emergencies. PROCEDURES: The study was carried out in rural Northwestern Cambodia where access to health services is poor and poverty, endemic diseases, and land mines are endemic. Two survey methods were applied in two separate sectors: a community-based survey gathering data from public sources and a household survey gathering data direct from primary sources. FINDINGS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two survey results for maternal deaths, both types of survey reported mortality rates around the public figure. The household survey reported a significantly higher perinatal mortality rate as compared to the community-based survey, 8.6% versus 5.0%. Also the household survey gave qualitative data important for a better understanding of the many problems faced by mothers giving birth in the remote villages. There are detection failures in both surveys; the failure rate may be as high as 30-40%. PRINCIPLE CONCLUSION: Both survey methods are inaccurate, therefore inappropriate for evaluation of short-term changes of mortality rates. Surveys based on primary informants yield qualitative information about mothers' hardships important for the design of future maternal care interventions.     

《现代汉语》与《语言学概论》教学的对接研究

本文从教学内容、教学方法改革的角度对现代汉语与语言学概论课程的对接教学进行了研究和探讨。     

Religion,Religiosity, and the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality—A Multilevel Analysis of 79 Countries

Although attitudes toward homosexuality have become more liberal, particularly in industrialized Western countries, there is still a great deal of variance in terms of worldwide levels of homonegativity. Using data from the two most recent waves of the World Values Survey (1999–2004, 2005–2009), this article seeks to explain this variance by means of a multilevel analysis of 79 countries. We include characteristics on the individual level, as age or gender, as well as aggregate variables linked to specificities of the nation-states. In particular, we focus on the religious denomination of a person and her religiosity to explain her attitude toward homosexuality. We find clear differences in levels of homonegativity among the followers of the individual religions.     

Economic versus psychological forecasting. Evidence from consumer confidence surveys

Permanent and widespread psychological biases affect both the subjective probability of future economic events and their retrospective interpretation. They may give rise to a systematic gap between (over-critical) judgments and (over-optimistic) expectations – the “forecast” error. When things go bad, then, psychology suggests that people tend to become particularly bullish, amplifying the forecast error. Also, psychology argues that personal/future conditions are systematically perceived to be better than the aggregate/past ones. All this sharply contrasts with standard economic assumptions. Evidence from a unique dataset covering 10 European countries over 22 years confirms the presence of structural psychologically driven distortions in people’s judgments and expectations formation.     

Response of sensitive behaviors to frequent measurement

We study the influence of frequent survey measurement on behavior. Widespread access to the Internet has made important breakthroughs in frequent measurement possible—potentially revolutionizing social science measurement of processes that change quickly over time. One key concern about using such frequent measurement is that it may influence the behavior being studied. We investigate this possibility using both a population-based experiment with random assignment to participation in a weekly journal for twelve months (versus no journal) and a large-scale, population-based, journal-keeping study with weekly measurement for 30 months. Results reveal few of the measured behaviors are correlated with assignment to frequent measurement. Theoretical reasoning regarding the likely behavioral response to frequent measurement correctly predicts domains most vulnerable to this possibility. Overall, however, we found little evidence of behavioral response to frequent measurement.     

一种新型的教学方式—Web教学

Web教学是一种新型的教学方式,在发达国家已开始走向实用。然而在我国的发展却相对来说比较滞后,至今仍处于试验阶段,本文以四个部分来讨论Web教学的方式和方法。第一部分对Web教学的特点进行了分析;第二部分对Web上如何组织、制作和使用课件作了一般的说明;第三部分则对Web教学过程中教师、学生和网页设计三个基本要素进行了分析;最后一部分提出了在进行Web教学时应注意的一些问题。