学术界对前近代中国研究的分歧--以彭慕兰、黄宗智的观点为中心

对18世纪的中国进行重新评价,是近年来欧美汉学界研究的热点问题.西方学者对18世纪中国评价的分歧有两种观点影响最大一种观点以黄宗智为代表,他提出了著名的"内卷化"("过密化")概念,认为明清时期的中国(以江南最为典型)由于人口压力而导致资源紧张,只能依靠不断地增加生产要素来提高产量,这导致劳动密集化、劳动边际报酬递减、劳动生产率下降;但内卷并不意味着单位土地绝对产出的减少,拥有一定土地的农户可以通过采用内卷的运作方式来提高总产量,由此而得出了"没有发展的增长"的著名论断.另一种观点以彭慕兰为代表,他认为在18世纪(含18世纪)以前,东西方处在同样的发展水平上,西方不仅没有任何明显的内生优势,而且在许多方面要落后于中国;18世纪末19世纪初,东西方之间才开始"大分流",此后差距越来越大,主要原因是美洲新大陆的开发使土地的制约解除和英国煤矿优越的地理位置使蒸气为动力的大规模使用成为可能.黄、彭等人都在努力摆脱"西方中心论"的影响方面作出了可贵的努力,因而他们的观点在中国学术界产生了深远的影响,得到了众多学者的呼应.这些新观点及国内外学者的广泛交流,将会极大地促进近代化问题及中国社会经济史的研究.     

论党的领导、人民当家作主与依法治国的制度建设

党的领导、人民当家作主与依法治国关系到中国政治体制改革的全局,三者关系的有机统一需要通过具体的制度安排来实现。制度建设的逻辑起点是确定三者关系的价值取向,制度建设的重点是创新党民关系和党法关系。客观分析影响三者关系的经济、社会和文化环境,有助于我们选择推进其制度建设的最佳路径。     

全面批评“中体西用”论的第一人──胡礼垣、何启政治思想略论

１９世纪八九十年代,香港著名思想家胡礼垣、何启密切关注祖国命运,在《新政真诠》中提出要全面向西方资本主义先进文明学习,除了引进西方先进的科学技术外,还要引进西方先进的制度文化和观念文化,才能有效地改造中国社会,挽救中国社会危机。他们的政治主张在中国近代思想史上很有特色。     

文化的人类自觉创造物观

历史上有种种经验形态的、抽象形态的文化观;论者则力图从共性与个性的对立统一中、历史与现状的对立统一中、文化与自然的对立统一中全面系统地把握文化,建立具体的文化观,即文化的人类自觉创造物观文化是人类在一定目标指引下、在一定现实条件基础上的自觉创造物.价值目标是以一定价值观和现实条件为根据经决策思维而建构起来的创造相应价值实体,从而实现相应价值的目标.现实条件是历史地积累起来而又延续到现在的条件,包括自然条件、社会条件、文化条件等.人类的自觉创造物即在自觉意识参与下的行为产物.这样,文化就是人类在一定价值目标引导下、在一定现实条件支持下通过创造文化的自觉行为而创造出来的.这种创造实现在人类自身之上,就形成本体文化;实现在外部对象上,就形成对象文化.文化具有统一性与多样性、个体性与群体性、稳定性与变异性、继承性与批判性、社会性与个体性、传统性与时代性、竞争性与协作性,一系列两极对立的品质等八个特点.     

本地文化资源的利用与安徽对外汉语教学

语言是思维的载体,也是文化的载体,语言是文化资源的一个重要组成部分。对外汉语教学究其实质来说是对外语言文化的推广。在汉语国际推广的基础上发展对外汉语教学一定要把文化放在相当重要的地位。安徽对外汉语教学具有较长的历史,但同周边省份相比,发展缓慢。文章从汉语国际推广的视角,分析了本地文化资源的利用对发展安徽对外汉语教学的重要作用,并从留学生教学和对外汉语专业建设两个方面提出如何利用本地文化资源的具体建议。     

黑格尔对自由主义政治哲学的批判

黑格尔批判自由主义,虽然回顾了这个时代的进程,但是他以国家主义对抗自由主义,并非成为自由主义的集大成者,而是在整体框架内确立了对自由的另一番阐释.他通过对自由主义所奉行的自然法和自然权利思想、社会契约论、个人主义以及法国大革命的批判,最终形成了与自由主义截然对立的国家主义政治哲学.     

Neoliberal feminism: The neoliberal rhetoric on feminism by Australian political actors

Feminism seems to be experiencing a resurgence. This research examines an Australian case where this resurgence produces some bizarre outcomes and an uncomfortable mix of moderate and neoliberal feminisms, as conservative women distance themselves from the term feminist and conservative men embrace it. We rhetorically analyse the discourse of four conservative leaders using an ideographic analysis to reveal how political actors evoke ideologically laden terminology to support specific courses of action. For the conservative women, the ideograph feminist was too heavily laden with history. A more feminine‐liberal political discourse allowed them to explain their own success in individual terms and, by substituting support for feminism with a broader gender equality agenda, they could explain the government's policy approach of individualized rather than collective or state support to advance the needs of women. They are articulating a postfeminism sensibility themselves and neoliberal feminist other. For the conservative men, the ideograph feminist did not reflect on their own personal success or careers; they were happy to embrace it for purely political purposes to advance their standing with the voting public and saw no significance in terms of the government's policy approach of neoliberal feminism.     

Strategies for Success: Early-Stage Collaborating Biostatistics Faculty in an Academic Health Center

Collaborative biostatistics faculty (CBF) are increasingly valued by academic health centers (AHCs) for their role in increasing success rates of grants and publications, and educating medical students and clinical researchers. Some AHCs have a biostatistics department that consists of only biostatisticians focused on methodological research, collaborative research, and education. Others may have a biostatistics unit within an interdisciplinary department, or statisticians recruited into clinical departments. Within each model, there is also variability in environment, influenced by the chair's background, research focus of colleagues, type of students taught, funding sources, and whether the department is in a medical school or school of public health. CBF appointments may be tenure track or nontenure, and expectations for promotion may vary greatly depending on the type of department, track, and the AHC. In this article, the authors identify strategies for developing early-stage CBFs in four domains: (1) Influence of department/environment, (2) Skills to develop, (3) Ways to increase productivity, and (4) Ways to document accomplishments. Graduating students and postdoctoral fellows should consider the first domain when choosing a faculty position. Early-stage CBFs will benefit by understanding the requirements of their environment early in their appointment and by modifying the provided progression grid with their chair and mentoring team as needed. Following this personalized grid will increase the chances of a satisfying career with appropriate recognition for academic accomplishments.     

English as a medium of instruction and the discursive construction of elite identity

Debates over medium of instruction, as ideological skirmishes, showcase discursive identity construction, reproduction, and contestation by different social groups. Drawing on such debates in letters to the editor and internet‐based newsgroup posts written by Bangladeshi English‐medium (EM) and Bangla‐medium (BM) educated writers, this article examines the construction of elite identity by the EM educated group. It illustrates how this group drew on changing discourses of elitism, language ideologies, and other identity resources to construct self‐identity that emphasized the achievement of qualifications and attributes rather than unearned social privilege, and how the territorially bound elite identity was transformed into deterritorialized cosmopolitan identity in the process. The article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between language, identity, and society by illustrating struggles for identity and status maintenance in education that is increasingly being dominated by English and English as a medium of instruction under the influence of neoliberal globalization. It also suggests how English and national languages may relate to (post)colonialism, nationalism, national identity, and social class in a globalized world.     

广西南宁普通话对对外汉语教学的影响及其对策

我国地域辽阔,方言复杂,广西是少数民族聚居地区,方言和民族语言都很丰富。近几年,来广西首府———南宁学习汉语的外国留学生越来越多。通过调查发现留学生学汉语时受到了南宁方言的影响,这种影响涉及语音、词汇、语法等方面。要让学生学到标准的汉语普通话,对外汉语教师和留学生都要做出相应的努力。