普陀山传统建筑及其文化意义

普陀山传统建筑为数众多,门类别样,看似各自孤立,实际却有着＂个体规制明确,整体等级森严,相互依托共存＂的文化体系。在这一文化体系中,寺庙、庵堂、茅蓬三种传统建筑形式与普陀山观音信仰文化中代表统治阶级权力和意志的官文化、佛教文化及舟山海岛原文化三种主要文化元素相互对应,是普陀山观音信仰文化内在要素的外在反映。     

健全我国政府经济职能体系的若干思考

完善我国政府经济职能体系不仅与经济体制改革密切相关,也为和谐社会的构建提供重要保障。我国政府经济职能有个演变的过程,目前的体系在经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务等方面存在问题,从这四个方面初步探讨健全我国政府经济职能体系的基本思路。     

大城市中心效应地位与城市交通拥堵问题

交通拥堵是城市化发展的一种派生物,不仅仅是交通系统自身的问题。治理交通拥堵需要分散交通流。然而大城市分散交通流缓解城市交通拥堵的同时,又需要不与提高城市竞争力的目标相违背。通过分析分散交通流的主要途径,进一步探究大城市中心地位的形成、多中心与公司总部、中心城市与功能混合以及中心地之间的轨道交通连接等问题。当城市按照产业集聚形成不同的多中心布局后,有效的功能混合将减少交通流的产生,轨道交通的连接将分担道路交通流的压力。     

资本市场功能与会计信息

现代经济中资本市场的重要地位是由资本市场对于支持和促进经济发展的强大功能决定的,这些功能包括筹资、投资、资产定价及资源配置。从历史上看,资本市场筹资、投资、资产定价及资源配置功能的缺失或不完善造成了英国早期资本市场崩溃和1929年美国资本市场大危机的严重经济后果。考察这两次资本市场危机,可以发现资本市场功能的完善必须依赖于充分的会计信息披露及统一的会计信息标准,因为二者能有效降低资本市场的交易费用,并实现资源的有效配置。     

基于公司治理的现代企业内部审计架构

经济体制的改革促进了现代企业制度的建立,内部审计是建立和完善企业制度不可或缺的要素之一。现代企业内部审计应包含确认、控制、咨询及治理四种职能,采用混合导向的审计模式,受监事会和总经理双重领导,形成以财务审计为基础,以经济效益审计为主导,以经济责任审计为特色,以战略审计、内部治理审计和专项审计为补充的架构体系。     

Nonparametric depth-based multivariate outlier identifiers, and masking robustness properties

In extending univariate outlier detection methods to higher dimension, various issues arise: limited visualization methods, inadequacy of marginal methods, lack of a natural order, limited parametric modeling, and, when using Mahalanobis distance, restriction to ellipsoidal contours. To address and overcome such limitations, we introduce nonparametric multivariate outlier identifiers based on multivariate depth functions, which can generate contours following the shape of the data set. Also, we study masking robustness, that is, robustness against misidentification of outliers as nonoutliers. In particular, we define a masking breakdown point (MBP), adapting to our setting certain ideas of Davies and Gather [1993. The identification of multiple outliers (with discussion). Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, 782–801] and Becker and Gather [1999. The masking breakdown point of multivariate outlier identification rules. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 947–955] based on the Mahalanobis distance outlyingness. We then compare four affine invariant outlier detection procedures, based on Mahalanobis distance, halfspace or Tukey depth, projection depth, and “Mahalanobis spatial” depth. For the goal of threshold type outlier detection, it is found that the Mahalanobis distance and projection procedures are distinctly superior in performance, each with very high MBP, while the halfspace approach is quite inferior. When a moderate MBP suffices, the Mahalanobis spatial procedure is competitive in view of its contours not constrained to be elliptical and its computational burden relatively mild. A small sampling experiment yields findings completely in accordance with the theoretical comparisons. While these four depth procedures are relatively comparable for the purpose of robust affine equivariant location estimation, the halfspace depth is not competitive with the others for the quite different goal of robust setting of an outlyingness threshold.     

Asymptotic Properties for a Class of Partially Identified Models

We propose inference procedures for partially identified population features for which the population identification region can be written as a transformation of the Aumann expectation of a properly defined set valued random variable (SVRV). An SVRV is a mapping that associates a set (rather than a real number) with each element of the sample space. Examples of population features in this class include interval‐identified scalar parameters, best linear predictors with interval outcome data, and parameters of semiparametric binary models with interval regressor data. We extend the analogy principle to SVRVs and show that the sample analog estimator of the population identification region is given by a transformation of a Minkowski average of SVRVs. Using the results of the mathematics literature on SVRVs, we show that this estimator converges in probability to the population identification region with respect to the Hausdorff distance. We then show that the Hausdorff distance and the directed Hausdorff distance between the population identification region and the estimator, when properly normalized by , converge in distribution to functions of a Gaussian process whose covariance kernel depends on parameters of the population identification region. We provide consistent bootstrap procedures to approximate these limiting distributions. Using similar arguments as those applied for vector valued random variables, we develop a methodology to test assumptions about the true identification region and its subsets. We show that these results can be used to construct a confidence collection and a directed confidence collection. Those are (respectively) collection of sets that, when specified as a null hypothesis for the true value (a subset of values) of the population identification region, cannot be rejected by our tests.     

宗教与信仰的双重社会化——当代中国宗教—信仰的基本变迁

中国宗教与信仰近30年的变迁,始终围绕着宗教与信仰的双重社会化问题。这些问题主要有:信仰自由与宗教自由、"宗教危机"的社会意义、私人信仰与中国法制建设、宗教消费方式对中国宗教—信仰的影响、"宗教民族主义"的抬头"、执政党信仰"的建构与认同等。解决这些问题,对使"宗教危机"转为"宗教转机"具有重要意义。     

An introduction to copula-based bivariate reliability Concepts

Several attempts were made in the literature to generalize the notions based on univariate quantiles to higher dimensions. As quantile-based reliability concepts are receiving much attention, it is important to address these problems in the field of Reliability theory. In this paper, bivariate reliability concepts using the dependence structure are introduced. The properties and characterizations of the bivariate reliability concepts are presented; it includes the characterization based on the relationship between bivariate hazard rate and bivariate mean residual life. The bivariate reliability concepts in reversed time are also studied.     

互文性:《百舌鸟》的意义空间拓展策略

以互文方式拓展作品的意义空间是后现代文学创作的一种重要范式。互文方式多种多样,包括显性方式（如模仿、引文）和隐性方式（如改写、暗指）。《百舌鸟》充分发挥了两种互文方式的表意张力。一方面利用显性的互文标记,承续名著《杀死百舌鸟》的主题、人物类型和儿童话语;另一方面又利用隐性方式与其他文学文本构成互文关系。引文和暗指引领读者进行阅读联想,将阅读“前文本”的体会引入对“目标文本”的理解,使更多的意义联想在穿梭性阅读中生成,意义空间因此得到拓展。