科举偏科及其对古代司法影响研究

科举制是中国古代以分“科”举人为特征的一种官吏选拔制度,然而,由于长期以来受儒家贤能治国、精英统治思想的影响及官府有意识的引导,致使人们从科举创制以来就产生了偏重进士科的“偏科”现象,在进士科一科独重的阴影下,主要以选拔法律人才为主的明法科逐渐式微且终被废除。中国古代行政与司法不分的体制,决定了通过科举选拔的官吏在日常工作中要承担重要的司法职能,而科举的偏科取士则加剧了古代司法实践中以儒家经义代替法律的倾向,造成了司法官员法律素质普遍低下,在清代则几乎完全由刑名幕友把持司法的局面。在司法与行政相分离、法律与道德有分殊的当代,“偏科”则为选拔和造就一支高素质的法官队伍所必需,只是“偏”的方向已侧重于应试者对专门法律知识和技能的掌握,而这也是司法考试日益成为法律人的“抡才大典”的重要原因。     

A note on all-bias designs with applications in spline regression models

If a model is fitted to empirical data, bias can arise from terms which are not incorporated in the model assumptions. As a consequence the commonly used optimality criteria based on the generalized variance of the estimator of the model parameters may not lead to efficient designs for the statistical analysis. In this note some general aspects of all-bias designs are presented, which were introduced in this context by Box and Draper (1959). Using an interesting correspondence between the points of all-bias designs and the knots of quadrature formulas we establish sufficient conditions such that a given design is an all-bias design. The results are illustrated in the special case of spline regression models. In particular our results generalize recent findings of Woods and Lewis (2006).     

An MEP.2 plan in 3 factorial experiment and its probability of correct identification

The present work consider the problem of constructing search designs for searching at most two active hidden two-factor interactions in 3ⁿ factorial setup under the assumption that the three-factor and higher-order interactions are negligible. The designs presented here are also capable of estimating all the main effects, general mean and the effects of identified active two-factor interactions. The performance of the designs has been studied in the noisy case by computing probability of correct identification.     

Efficient ascertainment schemes for maximum likelihood estimation

While well chosen sampling schemes may substantially increase efficiency of observational studies, some sampling schemes may instead decrease efficiency. Rules of thumb how to choose sampling schemes are only available for some special cases. In this paper we provide tools to compare efficiencies, and cost adjusted efficiencies, of different sampling schemes, in order to facilitate this choice. The method can be used for both categorical and continuous outcome variables. Some examples are presented, focusing on data from ascertainment sampling schemes. A Monte Carlo method is used to overcome computational issues wherever needed. The results are illustrated in graphs.     

中国传统文化在包装设计中的运用

在国际贸易中,由于民族文化差异的存在,各国对商品的包装设计有着不同的要求。中国传统文化对出口商品包装的影响主要体现在包装造型设计、结构设计和包装装潢设计上。特别是在产品绿色包装中,由于借鉴了中国传统文化,不仅提升了商品的价值,而且也是规避绿色贸易壁垒的途径之一。     

人机工程学在汽车造型设计中的应用

通过研究汽车外观造型的演变历史,从人机工程学角度探讨其对汽车外观设计的影响,并归纳其在设计中的具体应用,主要表现在如何满足人体尺寸要求和视野要求上。为设计师在创意的时候既符合人机工程学的要求又兼顾美学标准的设计提供参考依据。     

接受美学视域下的建筑创作观刍议

通过对建筑创作主体的反思,从接受美学的观点出发,提出建筑创作在强调创作主体能动性发挥的同时,必须注重对接受主体及其接受过程的把握,强调建筑师的创作视野必须深入接受主体的文化与生活,以促进各主体在整个创作过程中达成共识,共建和谐。     

双线并行式手绘教学改革设想

针对建筑设计基础课中手绘教学训练存在的问题,提出双线并行式教学方法改革设想,认为手绘能力培养应结合设计创作,手绘能力的提高应在输入性和输出性两方面同时加强,二者循环往复,相互促进。并据此阐述了具体而实用的改革措施。     

创新人才培养模式,提高高校毕业设计（论文）的质量——以河南工业大学粮油食品特色专业为例

在创新人才培养模式下,很多因素制约着毕业设计（论文）质量的提高,根据实际工作中存在的问题,探讨了强化粮油食品专业特色的前提下,提高本科毕业设计（论文）质量的方法。     

居住区架空层景观的细节设计

居住区架空层景观设计中存在的主要问题一是设计过于简单化,细部做法欠推敲;二是没有因地制宜地把握架空层这个特殊空间的场所特性;三是有些细节设计没有注重人性化。因此,居住区架空层景观的细节设计应考虑架空层的规划结构和细节之间的关系、要处理好形式与功能的关系以及关注使用者的生活细节等,特别关注居住区架空层的地面、墙面、顶面、小品设施以及植物等要素的细部设计。