语句感知难度的层次分析佐证

汉语中存在许多名词修饰名词的偏正结构,如“父亲的父亲的父亲”等,这种结构潜在多种切分可能。通过语句感知难度的计算方法,可以发现这种结构的层次具有“左向切分”的普遍性。同时,语句感知难度的计算对一些传统的语句切分提出了质疑。     

Is There a Curse of Dimensionality for Contraction Fixed Points in the Worst Case?

This paper analyzes the complexity of the contraction fixed point problem: compute an ε‐approximation to the fixed point V*Γ(V*) of a contraction mapping Γ that maps a Banach space B_d of continuous functions of d variables into itself. We focus on quasi linear contractions where Γ is a nonlinear functional of a finite number of conditional expectation operators. This class includes contractive Fredholm integral equations that arise in asset pricing applications and the contractive Bellman equation from dynamic programming. In the absence of further restrictions on the domain of Γ, the quasi linear fixed point problem is subject to the curse of dimensionality, i.e., in the worst case the minimal number of function evaluations and arithmetic operations required to compute an ε‐approximation to a fixed point V*∈B_d increases exponentially in d. We show that the curse of dimensionality disappears if the domain of Γ has additional special structure. We identify a particular type of special structure for which the problem is strongly tractable even in the worst case, i.e., the number of function evaluations and arithmetic operations needed to compute an ε‐approximation of V* is bounded by Cε^−p where C and p are constants independent of d. We present examples of economic problems that have this type of special structure including a class of rational expectations asset pricing problems for which the optimal exponent p1 is nearly achieved.     

Working with and for the citizens

This article argues that a better management of increasingly complex socio-ecological systems would require to adopt evidence-based policy-making and improve the science–policy interface by means of participatory action research involving scientists, citizens and policy-makers. The connectivity between the production of scientific evidence by experts and the delivery of policies by policy-makers is currently unsatisfactory. There is the need to find more effective knowledge mechanisms between researchers and policy-makers. A new way of connecting scientists and policy-makers is to invite a “third player” to the game, i.e. the citizens and stakeholders who are interested in or affected by policy decisions, to perform pilot experiments of participatory research. Participatory research combines different forms of knowledge. “Objective” knowledge produced by scientific disciplines is needed to describe, explain or understand a phenomenon, but participatory research brings in the contribution of citizens' everyday knowledge, e.g. their intimate familiarity with their environment and social context. The approach is illustrated with the aid of examples provided by a number of EU-funded participatory research projects coordinated by ISIS: RAISE (www.raise-eu.org), MOVE TOGETHER (www.move-together.net) and AWARE (www.aware-eu.net).     

Some notes on robust sure independence screening

Sure independence screening (SIS) proposed by Fan and Lv [4 J. Fan and R. Li, Variable selection via nonconcave penalized likelihood and its oracle properties, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 96 (2001), pp. 1348–1360. doi: 10.1198/016214501753382273[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] uses marginal correlations to select important variables, and has proven to be an efficient method for ultrahigh-dimensional linear models. This paper provides two robust versions of SIS against outliers. The two methods, respectively, replace the sample correlation in SIS with two robust measures, and screen variables by ranking them. Like SIS, the proposed methods are simple and fast. In addition, they are highly robust against a substantial fraction of outliers in the data. These features make them applicable to large datasets which may contain outliers. Simulation results are presented to show their effectiveness.     

企业合作复杂性与企业合作生态系统研究

简要回顾了组织生态的研究进展,认为不对称、自适应和管理困境这3个因素是引起企业合作复杂性的主要来源,并论述了制度生态因子、文化生态因子与技术生态因子对企业合作的影响,最后界定了企业合作生态系统的概念,并探讨了在企业合作生态系统中企业应该如何处理与其他个体的合作关系。     

“Build a wall”. “Tax a shed”. “Fix a debt limit”. The constructive and destructive potential of populist anti-statism and “naïve” statism

ABSTRACT

Populist surges, movements and parties often centre around radically simplifying policy proposals, sometimes anti-statist in intent (e.g. fix a limit to state borrowing in cash terms), and at other times pushing naïve statist solutions (e.g. build a giant wall to keep out migrants; or tax companies' activities in a given shed, not their profits). Most liberal political science condemns the crudity and often unrestrained vigour of populist “solutions”. But on occasion, they can have value in counteracting the increasing complexities that elites often build into public policies. Two case studies show populist pressure for simplification working effectively in one instance – the “tax shaming” campaign against multinationals avoiding corporation taxes; and engendering only disorder in another instance – the effort to enforce national debt limits in nominal terms in the USA.     

How complex is your love? The case of romantic compromises and polyamory

This article highlights a somewhat neglected aspect of love (and of emotions in general): their complexity. We suggest distinguishing between three major related types of emotional complexity: emotional diversity, emotional ambivalence, and emotional behavior. The notion of emotional complexity has far‐reaching implications for understanding emotions and our wellbeing. This is illustrated by examining the notion of emotional complexity in two common yet complex phenomena in the romantic realm: romantic compromises and polyamory.     

New Media and Social Networks: Considerations from Clients in Addictions Treatment

Web-based (2.0) media will play an increasing role in substance abuse treatment. Two focus groups identified initial barriers and potential uses within a population living below the median income. Client suggestions included using different approaches to service delivery based on a person's access to web 2.0 media. Preliminary results indicated that contrary to the staff members' opinions, the majority of clients appeared to have sufficient Internet access and the requisite social networking skills in order to participate in online interventions. Future research should focus on using games as a potential mode of online service delivery, on the potential of the various forms of social networking, and whether classism exists between client and staff perceptions.     

The Global Street: Making the Political

This article explores key vectors in the uprisings of the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region from an urban perspective. The aim is to open up a larger conceptual field to understand the complex interactions between power and powerlessness as they get shaped in urban space. I argue that the city makes visible the limits of superior military power and, most importantly, that cities enable powerlessness to become complex, not simply elementary. In this complexity lies the possibility of making history and remaking the political. The question of public space is central to giving the powerless rhetorical and operational openings. But that public space needs to be distinguished from the concept of public space in the European tradition. This leads me to the concept of The Global Street.

Este artículo explora los vectores claves en los levantamientos de la región del Medio Oriente y África del Norte (MENA, por sus siglas en inglés) desde una perspectiva urbana. El objetivo es abrir un campo conceptual mayor para entender las interacciones complejas entre el poder y la impotencia, a medida que se forman dentro de un espacio urbano. Sostengo que la ciudad expone los límites del poder militar superior y más importante aún, que las ciudades permiten que la impotencia se vuelva compleja y no simplemente elemental. En esta complejidad reside la posibilidad de hacer historia y rehacer la política. El asunto del espacio público es primordial para darle a los impotentes una apertura retórica y operacional. Pero ese espacio público necesita distinguirse del concepto del espacio público en la tradición europea. Esto me conduce al concepto de la Calle Global (The Global Street).

本文从一个城市的视角探究了中东和北非（MENA）地区起义的关键向量。文章旨在开辟一个更加广泛的概念领域,以便理解强权与无权势之间复杂的互动,正如它们在城市空间中被塑造的那样。我认为,城市使得优势军事权力的限度显现,更重要的是,城市使得无权势变得复合化,不单单是不可再分。在这种错综复杂中存在着创造历史和重塑政治的可能。公共空间问题对于为无权势者提供言辞和操作机会来说至关重要。然而,这一公共空间需要与欧洲传统中的公共空间概念区别开来。这导致我确立了“全球街”的概念。     

Container Scheduling: Complexity and Algorithms

We consider the transport of containers through a fleet of ships. Each ship has a capacity constraint limiting the total number of containers it can carry and each ship visits a given set of ports following a predetermined route. Each container has a release date at its origination port, and a due date at its destination port. A container has a size 1 or size 2; size 1 represents a 1 TEU (20‐foot equivalent unit) and size 2 represents 2 TEUs. The delivery time of a container is defined as the time when the ship that carries the container arrives at its destination port. We consider the problem of minimizing the maximum tardiness over all containers. We consider three scenarios with regard to the routes of the ships, namely, the ships having (i) identical, (ii) nested, and (iii) arbitrary routes. For each scenario, we consider different settings for origination ports, release dates, sizes of containers, and number of ports; we determine the computational complexity of various cases. We also provide a simple heuristic for some cases, with its worst case analysis. Finally, we discuss the relationship of our problems with other scheduling problems that are known to be open.