“丑女人”现象：美国当代小说的一种倾向

美国当代小说里有不少丑女人形象。这种一反传统的丑女人小说之深刻用意在于:颠覆男权社会的女性美标准和女性美审美传统,昭示新女性不惜一切代价也要摆脱被艺术品化、被玩赏之屈辱地位的意志;表达她们拒绝凭借美貌去吸引男人,进而赢得社会赞许和社会地位的勇气;传达她们坚持依靠开发女性内在潜力而自立于社会,从而获得真正的男女平等的信念。     

均质岩基极限承载力滑移线解与极限平衡解的比较

极限平衡法、滑移线法是求解剪切破坏模式下均质岩基极限承载力的两种重要的极限分析法。通过对某工程均质岩基承载力的反算 ,对基于Hoek -Brown经验强度准则的 3种极限承载力计算方法—Bell解、Hoek -Brown解和滑移线法的计算结果进行了比较 ,并分析了造成差异的原因。     

Smoothing for discrete-valued time series

We deal with smoothed estimators for conditional probability functions of discrete-valued time series { Y_t } under two different settings. When the conditional distribution of Y_t given its lagged values falls in a parametric family and depends on exogenous random variables, a smoothed maximum (partial) likelihood estimator for the unknown parameter is proposed. While there is no prior information on the distribution, various nonparametric estimation methods have been compared and the adjusted Nadaraya–Watson estimator stands out as it shares the advantages of both Nadaraya–Watson and local linear regression estimators. The asymptotic normality of the estimators proposed has been established in the manner of sparse asymptotics, which shows that the smoothed methods proposed outperform their conventional, unsmoothed, parametric counterparts under very mild conditions. Simulation results lend further support to this assertion. Finally, the new method is illustrated via a real data set concerning the relationship between the number of daily hospital admissions and the levels of pollutants in Hong Kong in 1994–1995. An ad hoc model selection procedure based on a local Akaike information criterion is proposed to select the significant pollutant indices.     

诗歌翻译中“忠实”标准的多元取向——以朗费罗《金色的夕阳》的两种翻译为例

翻译的首要标准是忠实于原作。“忠实”标准适用于诗歌翻译时会表现出很大的灵活。性。对朗费罗的一首诗《金色的夕阳》的两种截然不同翻译表明，诗歌翻译中，由于译者对诗歌的各种内容与形式因素价值评判不同，“忠实”这一标准的取向是多元的，译者对这一客观标准的主观取向很大程度上影响译作风格。     

从功能语言学的角度看翻译实质、翻译策略与翻译标准

本文从语言的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能入手,说明不同文本类型有不同的翻译策略,同时指出三类文本有共同的翻译标准,即“功能对等”。     

Of what use are tests of significance and tests of hypothesis

This paper discusses the role of significance testing, in contrast to hypothesis testing. It takes the view that the two processes must be differentiated because they are in fact different even though they possess some common mathematical features. A supporting view of significance testing is presented. Difficulties and obscurities are discussed.     

Nonparametric estimating equations based on a penalized information criterion

It has recently been observed that, given the mean‐variance relation, one can improve on the accuracy of the quasi‐likelihood estimator by the adaptive estimator based on the estimation of the higher moments. The estimation of such moments is usually unstable, however, and consequently only for large samples does the improvement become evident. The author proposes a nonparametric estimating equation that does not depend on the estimation of such moments, but instead on the penalized minimization of asymptotic variance. His method provides a strong improvement over the quasi‐likelihood estimator and the adaptive estimators, for a wide range of sample sizes.     

文学批评标准的客观性和普遍性

本文认为文学批评标准客观存在，理由有三：必要性；可能性；中外文学批评标准存在的客观事实。但是文学批评标准没有普遍性，它有着种种破坏普遍的异质因素：历史推移性、民族性、主体多元性。而诸如美学的历史的观点、真善美的标准都因过于抽象，只能作为方法论原则起指导性作用。为此。我们必须建立起一个系统的开放的文学批评标准体系。     

从英汉熟语的对译看翻译的可接受性

使用符合译文的语言表述习惯，把握符合译文读者表述的标准，寻找译文读者熟悉的对应的表述，注意传达原文思想时的技巧，充分考虑读者的可接受性，是翻译出好作品的关键。     

Smoothed Histograms for Frequency Data on Irregular Intervals

Frequency tables are often constructed on intervals of irregular width. When plotted as bar charts, the underlying true density information may be quite distorted. The majority of introductory statistics texts recommend tabulating data into intervals of equal width, but seldom caution the consequences of failing to do so. An occasional introductory text correctly emphasizes that area rather than frequency should be plotted. Nevertheless, the correctly scaled density figure is often visually less informative than one might expect, with wide bins at constant height. In many cases, the right most bin interval has no well-defined end point, making its depiction some what arbitrary. In this note, we introduce a regular histogram approximation that matches the frequencies and also minimizes a roughness criterion for visual and exploratory appeal. The resulting estimate can reveal the density structure much more clearly. We also formulate an alternative criterion that explicitly takes account of the uncertainty in the bin frequencies.