Extending pension coverage in Cambodia: The governance and investment challenges of the Social Security Investment Fund

Rapid economic growth, declining fertility and changes in family structures have encouraged the Kingdom of Cambodia to reform its old-age pension system. The Government of Cambodia reached an important milestone in 2019, when the Law on Social Security was promulgated. The Law includes provisions for a compulsory defined benefit pension scheme, establishing a sound framework for extending compulsory pension coverage beyond the public sector to formal private-sector workers. As a future step, the compulsory pension scheme should be extended to informal workers. To accompany the reform, the investment policy for the pension scheme’s reserve funds, including the supervisory regime and investment strategy, will be essential for the modernization of the Cambodian social security system. In this regard, Cambodia has successfully sought policy advice. However, the country should continue to seek further advice, and to act on this. Otherwise, the necessary and increasingly pressing policy ambitions of Cambodia to develop an adequate and sustainable social protection system may not be fully realized.     

Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps,and social equity considerations

The Royal Government of Cambodia recently launched its National Social Protection Policy framework to strengthen and expand social security and assistance. To inform social health protection policy, we examine socio-economic survey data and administrative coverage data to assess the coverage potential of existing coverage mechanisms and current gaps; and compare equitable contribution rates. Over 53 per cent of the population currently has no social health protection coverage mechanism, and about 16 per cent of the population who do have access to a mechanism are not yet enrolled. Current expansion efforts focus on the formal employee scheme, primarily benefiting individuals from higher income households. In addition, recent coverage expansion to some informal workers leaves significant gaps, particularly among the informal sector. We find out-of-pocket health care expenditure to be an excessive share of income among lower wealth quintile individuals and conclude they are financially vulnerable. Finally, we illustrate that an equitable approach to individual, monthly health care contributions among the lower three quintiles has a severely limited potential for revenue generation, and collection costs could exceed the amount collected. Therefore, we recommend that vulnerable groups should be exempted from contribution payments as social health protection is expanded.     

Empirical likelihood and Wilks phenomenon for data with nonignorable missing values

Wilks's theorem is useful for constructing confidence regions. When applying the popular empirical likelihood to data with nonignorable nonresponses, Wilks's phenomenon does not hold. This paper unveils that this is caused by the extra estimation of the nuisance parameter in the nonignorable nonresponse propensity. Motivated by this result, we propose an adjusted empirical likelihood for which Wilks's theorem holds. Asymptotic results are presented and supplemented by simulation results for finite sample performance of the point estimators and confidence regions. An analysis of a data set is included for illustration.     

Lp solutions of anticipated BSDEs with weak monotonicity and general growth generators

In this article, we establish the stability theorems of L^p(1 < p ? 2) solutions for multidimensional anticipated backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs), in which the generator g is p-order weak monotonic in y and Lipschitz continuous in (z, η, ?). Moreover, we present the existence and uniqueness of L^p solutions for this kind of anticipated BSDEs with the help of stability theorems when generator g also satisfies general growth condition in y.     

Employer‐oriented labour market policies in Sweden: Creating jobs and the division of labour in the public sector

In many European countries, greater importance is accorded to labour market policies in which employers are involved in activating unemployed people. Such employer‐oriented policies target employers’ demand for labour and attempt to influence their willingness to hire, train or guide (often disadvantaged) unemployed groups. Using data from a qualitative interview study of an employer‐oriented programme in a medium‐size city in Sweden, the present article aims to develop knowledge about how these policies are used to influence employers to hire unemployed workers and how jobs created in this context differ from regular jobs. The article argues that creating jobs through new arrangements for the division of labour, with the promise of relieving regular staff of unskilled tasks, may influence employers’ willingness to hire the unemployed when used alongside other kinds of policy instruments. However, the article also shows that this new division of labour, with programme participants performing mainly unskilled tasks, has been difficult to realize, as new staff gradually come to perform an increasing number of regular working tasks.     

The existence of almost difference families

Almost difference families (ADFs) were introduced by Ding and Yin as a useful generalization of almost difference sets (ADSs), and a number of infinite classes of almost difference families had been constructed. Suppose q is a prime power. To construct combinatorial designs in GF(q), one often needs to find an element xGF(q){0}, such that some polynomials in GF(q)[x] of degree one or two satisfying certain conditions. Weil's theorem on character sum estimates is very useful to do this. In this paper, a general bound for finding such x is given. By using this bound and computer searching, some known results on almost difference families by Ding and Yin are improved.     

Écrire l’incertitude. Le travail à bord des navires de commerce entre stabilisations,prises de risques et responsabilisations

Because of the many sources of uncertainty and opportunities for separation between sailors and the ship, work on board a merchant ship requires a panoply of tools that contribute to the continuity of activity and the identification of active agents. Writing is one of these instruments. Observation of the ship's different written media reveals the difficulty and, at the same time, the need for this organization to be maintained. They reveal the existence of a particular connection between land and sea, while raising issues of responsibility.     

Les régimes de production des connaissances de la sélection animale. Ontologies,mesures, formes de régulation

This paper analyses the co-production of knowledge and socio-economic order in animal breeding. Is it possible to historicise analyses of the actor-network theory (ANT) and to show forms of pairing between knowledge production and sociopolitical order typical of a given historical period? Symmetrically, in an approach based on regimes of knowledge, how do we account for the differences that remain over a given period? Drawing on the differences in the exploitation of animal genetics in three production sectors (beef, pork, chicken), this paper analyses the diversity of the composition of the socio-(bio)technical methods of animal selection and the mechanisms for stabilising these methods. It also explains the relations with factors whose forms of existence do not depend only on local arrangements. In this way, one can move from local heterogeneous agencements to regimes of knowledge.     

Le débat sur la flexibilité du marché du travail en Inde: une contribution théorique

Le débat sur la flexibilisation du marché du travail indien porte notamment sur l'autorisation administrative de licenciement pour les entreprises de plus de 100 salariés. Le plaidoyer en faveur de sa suppression (ou de l'élévation du seuil) est étayé par Basu, Fields et Debgupta (2009). L'auteur conteste leur argumentation théorique en faveur de l'embauche et du licenciement au gré de l'employeur, avec libre signature d'un contrat, et démontre que leur conclusion politique est logiquement insoutenable, même dans le cadre de leur modèle. Le plaidoyer pour la flexibilisation du marché du travail et la liberté contractuelle s'en trouve infondé.     

Syndicats et inégalités de salaire: la naissance du «salaire familial»

Dans de nombreux pays de l'OCDE, la législation consacre le droit des hommes et des femmes à percevoir une rémunération égale pour un travail de valeur égale. Pourtant, dans la première moitié du XX^e siècle, employeurs et syndicats ont parfois défendu l'idée d'un «salaire familial» synonyme d'inégalité salariale. L'auteure retrace les origines historiques et sociologiques de ce système, à la fois dans une perspective comparative et à partir de documents d'archive sur la situation en Israël. Elle met en lumière le rôle complexe des syndicats, guidés dans leur défense du salaire familial à la fois par une vision patriarcale et par des valeurs socialistes.