Supply and Demand Factors in the Fertility Decline in Matlab, Bangladesh in 1977–1999

A model family planningprogramme started as a component of areproductive and child health project in partof Matlab (the Intervention area), a rural areaof Bangladesh, in 1977 while another part ofMatlab served as a comparison area. Thepaper analyses data from a vital registrationsystem, censuses and sample surveys, and usesboth cross-sectional and longitudinaltechniques of analysis. The supply factoralone, i.e., the model family planningprogramme, contributes substantially to theobserved decline in fertility in theIntervention area. Of the several demandfactors (indicators of socio-economic status)studied, women's education has the largestimpact on the fertility decline. A veryimportant role in the fertility decline isplayed by changes in attitudes towardsfeasibility and acceptability of birth control.The overall conclusion is that not only thesupply factor, but also demand factorscontribute to the fertility decline observed inthe Intervention area. Due to limitations instudy design and data, we cannot provide aprecise, quantitative answer to the question onthe specific contributions of both types offactors.     

La crise du recrutement des lads-jockeys : l’essoufflement d’un système d’emploi corporatiste

How is the French labor market for lads organized (recruitment, careers, personnel management, retraining)? What changes are under way? A recent phenomenon - the vanishing of young lads with diplomas - helps answer these questions. Can this be explained other than by the discrepancy between dreams about this job and on-the-job reality? The latter can be understood only in relation to the economic and social changes in this working environment that have, in particular, threatened trainers’ positions. This happened during a period when the schooling of youth lasts longer and ends with a diploma even though this sector cannot absorb these young people. This difficult situation has several explanations. Working conditions have worsened (increasing precariousness, more stress, career obstructions) while young people have become more demanding, more critical and more qualified. Meanwhile, the old paternalistic system for managing personnel is falling apart.     

La division sexuelle du travail chez les musiciens français

Data from a survey of French musicians conducted for the Ministry of Culture are used to analyze the processes producing inequality between men and women in music. Two models of a sexual division of labor coexist along with a differentiation depending on the style (learned vs. popular music). These two models closely link together working conditions, careers and the organization of home life for male and female musicians; and they underlie the construction of musicians', identities. In the world of popular music, bodily stereotypes of femininity (youth, seduction) and masculinity (the aestheticization of deviance, the bohemian life) dominate. In the world of learned music, a hierarchical model of masculine authority prevails with the figure of the conductor at the summit.     

Les apories de la solidarité familiale Contribution à la sociologie des configurations de justice entre les familles et l’État, dans le cas français

Despite its many meanings, “solidarity” has once again become current in French to describe macro as well as microsocial relations. Social relations in and outside the family have not always been understood as instances of solidarity. But is this solidarity the same as the one established by the welfare state? Forms of family solidarity that have risen in esteem over the past two decades are “deconstructed”. The conditions for family solidarity are examined; and conceptual paradoxes, described. This approach suggests that family solidarity, as this concept is normally used, mixes together several systems of justice that should be clearly distinguished, especially if we want to put this phrase to a judicious social use.     

On the discretization of nonparametric isotropic covariogram estimators

In this article, we describe the discretization of nonparametric covariogram estimators for isotropic stationary stochastic processes. The use of nonparametric estimators is important to avoid the difficulties in selecting a parametric model. The key property the isotropic covariogram must satisfy is to be positive definite and thus have the form characterized by Yaglom's representation of Bochner's theorem. We present an optimal discretization of the latter in the sense that the resulting nonparametric covariogram estimators are guaranteed to be smooth and positive definite in the continuum. This provides an answer to an issue raised by Hall, Fisher and Hoffmann (1994). Furthermore, from a practical viewpoint, our result is important because a nonlinear constrained algorithm can sometimes be avoided and the solution can be found by least squares. Some numerical results are presented for illustration.     

关于发展贵州生态旅游的思考

贵州经济发展的突破口应是旅游业的发展,我省应该从发展生态旅游业入手,带动其它产业的发展。贵州发展生态旅游业存在着很多约束条件,解决方法就是必须走具有贵州特色的生态旅游道路。     

卡诺定理证明方法的比较

文章通过对卡诺定理证明方法的比较 ,得出第一、第二种证明方法有循环论证之嫌 ,而第三种方法简洁、逻辑性强。     

微分中值定理的再推广

本文绘出微分中值定理的一个推广．所见资料中的微分中值定理及高阶微分中值定理均为本文结果的特例．     

Missionary ethnographers in Upper‐Tonkin: the early years, 1895–1920

Little is known of the contributions of French missionaries to early highland ethnography in the mountainous north of Vietnam (then Tonkin) at the time of colonial contact, a period defined here as 1895–1920. This paper investigates how a handful of men from the Catholic Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris contributed significant amounts of text from their postings in remote parts of the Upper‐Tonkin (Haut‐Tonkin) vicariate, and in some cases Southwest China. A selection of their prose is presented and its ethnographic value appraised, bringing to light the authors in their context as well as the texts themselves. It is assessed in conclusion that, despite their uneven importance as a source for ethnography, these texts nevertheless constitute a unique supply of information on the populations they describe.     

爱就像手中握的沙——试比较德·瑞那夫人与蘩漪

德.瑞那夫人和蘩漪是两位性格截然不同的女性形象,她们都渴望爱情,但追求爱情的内心世界和方式是不一样的,最终一个拥有了爱,一个失去了爱。她们的爱情经历带给读者的审美启示是深远的。本文通过她们的结局告诉我们,爱就象手中握的沙,你握的越紧,它流失的越快。